Editorial
Good morning to all of you, dear friends of the Eucalyptus,
Dear friends, here we are again,
now with the issue number 32 of our Eucalyptus
Newsletter. We hope that this edition may fulfill your
expectations and interests, allowing that readers may gain additional
knowledge and understanding about the Eucalyptus planted forests and
about the products and services they provide to the benefit of our society.
This target we try to fulfill bringing a selection of themes combining
history, science, technology, innovation, emotion and culture.
This
one is a special edition, since it has the mission of bringing to
you a condensation of everything that was most relevant and posted
so far through our digital publications Eucalyptus Online Book & Eucalyptus
Newsletter. These retrospect's are being offered in the "Archives
of the Eucalyptus Online Book & Eucalyptus Newsletter",
that intend to show a consolidation of most of our editorial efforts
since these publications origins in 2005 till December 2010. Remember
that our mission is to be one of the best and most comprehensive
sources of good quality information about the Eucalyptus in a global
basis. Enjoy looking what has been brought to you in past issues
via the available links.
We are not to have the traditional Celso Foelkel's technical
mini-article in this edition, but instead, a very elaborated article
written by the "Friend of the Eucalyptus" forester
engineer Rubens Cristiano Damas Garlipp and myself - I was very fortunate to
be Garlipp's co-author on this text. This paper was previously submitted
and presented at the recent XIII World Forestry Congress in Argentina
- October 2009. This is a very rich text about the benefits of planted
forests - it was reviewed and the missing English version has been
created to make it more global, since it was one of our faults not
having it. The article came to be part of a new section in our newsletter
and we decided to call this section as "Having
the Floor... the Friends of the Eucalyptus". We hope you enjoy what we have written
and, in case you feel it valuable, please, help to disseminate the
text to those who believe and also for those who do not believe in
the benefits of the planted forests, whether of Eucalyptus, pines,
etc. Perhaps, this reading may modify or help to consolidate concepts
and thoughts, fostering a better understanding about these fantastic
fast-growing forests we have in Brazil and many other countries, as
well. Please, take a little time and read our article "The
Role of Planted Forests for Meeting the Future Demands from World Society",
we are very grateful for.
However, this is not all we are bringing to you in this edition.
In another one of my "Life Reports", I will tell a very interesting
story: the way as emerged and has been consolidated the technical
course in pulp and paper in the State Institute of Education "Gomes
Jardim",
one initiative of former Riocell pulp and paper company, today CMPC
Celulose Riograndense, which continues to support the course and making
the most to students and graduates at Guaiba-RS, Brazil. It is worth
knowing what can be done for the forest-based sector with little money
and lots of dedication, enthusiasm and faith. After all, the social
benefits and career advantages are such that once created, the course
has been supported by Riocell, Klabin Riocell, Aracruz Celulose, Fibria,
and finally, CMPC Celulose Riograndense, the different shareholders
of the former Riocell. Undoubtedly, an investment with high social
returns and which comes very well to be as an excellent indicator of
sustainability and corporate social responsibility. I hope people reading
this story, may motivate some others in our industry to create something
similar.
We are also creating another new section, which will
follow you for at least 10 issues of our Eucalyptus Newsletter. The
section "Great Authors on Eucalyptus
Pests and Diseases" in
this edition honors Dr. Celso Garcia Auer. Other major Brazilian researchers,
working on Eucalyptus forest plantations health will be introduced
to you with a brief biographical coverage and a few dozen of their
most relevant publications related to pests and diseases of Eucalyptus.
We hope this new section may become useful to you - after all, the
problems of attacks by predators are powerful causes for losing productivity
and economic results in commercial plantations of Eucalyptus in Brazil
or in other parts of the world.
We hope this newsletter issue may be
very useful to all of you, since the thematic
selection was made in a way to bring interesting
and diversified topics about the Eucalyptus. We hope and believe they may be valuable to you
who honor us with your reading.
In case you are not registered yet to receive free-of-charge the Eucalyptus
Newsletter and the chapters of the Eucalyptus
Online Book, I suggest you to do it through the
following link: Click
here for registration.
We have several non-financial supporting partners to the
Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter: TAPPI, IPEF, SIF, CeluloseOnline,
RIADICYP, TECNICELPA, ATCP Chile, Appita, TAPPSA, SBS, ANAVE, AGEFLOR,
EMBRAPA FLORESTAS, GIT - Eucalyptologics, Forestal Web, Painel
Florestal, INTA Concordia - Novedades Forestales, Papermakers'
Wiki, Åbo Akademi - Laboratory of Fibre and Cellulose Technology
and Blog do Papeleiro. They are helping to disseminate our efforts
in favor of the Eucalyptus in countries such as: Brazil, USA, Canada,
Chile, Portugal, Spain, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand, Uruguay,
Finland and South Africa. However, thanks to the world wide web,
in reality, they are helping to promote our project to the entire
world. Thanks very much to our partners for believing in what we
are doing to the Eucalyptus.
Know
more about all of our today’s partners and
meet them at the URL address:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/partners.html
Thanks to all of you dear readers for your support and
constant presence visiting our websites. Our digital information
services about the Eucalyptus are currently being sent
to an extensive "mailing
list" through our partner ABTCP - Brazilian Pulp and Paper
Technical Association, a number that today is equivalent to several
thousands of registered addresses. This happens in addition to
the accesses made directly to the websites www.abtcp.org.br; www.eucalyptus.com.br and www.celso-foelkel.com.br,
or in other cases, due to the fact that our newsletters and book
chapters are easily found by search engines in the web. Our goal
from now is very clear: to perform in a way with the Eucalyptus
Online Book & Eucalyptus
Newsletter that they will be always on the first
page, when any single person in the world, using a search engine
like Google, Yahoo or Bing, make a web search using the word Eucalyptus.
This service aims to better inform stakeholders and interested
parties about the Eucalyptus, with relevant information and a lot
of credibility, too. I beg your help to publicize and to inform
about our project to your friends, in case you feel these publications
may be helpful to them. Please, accept my personal thanks, and
also the gratitude from Celsius
Degree, ABTCP, International
Paper do Brasil and
from the supporting partners.
Our best wishes and a friendly hug to all of you,
and please enjoy your reading. We all hope you may like what we have
prepared to you this time.
Celso Foelkel
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br
http://www.abtcp.org.br
In
this Edition
Archives
- Eucalyptus Newsletter & Eucalyptus Online Book - A 2005/2010
Retrospective
Celso
Foelkel's Life Reports -Technical Course in Pulp and Paper
- State Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim" at
Guaiba-RS
Great
Authors on Eucalyptus Pests and Diseases: Dr. Celso Garcia
Auer
Having
the Floor... The Friends of the Eucalyptus
The
Role of Planted Forests for Meeting the Future Demands
from World Society -
Article by Rubens Cristiano Damas Garlipp & Celso
Foelkel
Archives
Eucalyptus Newsletter & Eucalyptus Online Book
A 2005/2010 Retrospective
In this section, we are bringing to
you a consolidation of most of our efforts and writing creation in
the period 2005 to 2010,
offering the opportunity to remind you about our most important sections
made available in the 31 previous editions of our Eucalyptus
Newsletters & 21
chapters of the Eucalyptus Online Book, published since their origins
till December 2010. We intend to make this kind of retrospective at
the beginning of each calendar year, always updating this long list
file for your easier browsing.
Each one of our newsletter editions is organized in sections, some
of which are covered at all issues. Various others come in the format
of texts, tutorials, reviews or compilations, etc. The sections "References
about Events and Courses" and "Euca-Links" occur on
almost all issues. At them, we try to present interesting websites
to be navigated and browsed, always containing good quality literature,
lectures, teaching materials from courses, books, events, photos, charts,
figures, tables, etc. Certainly, they are always related to the Eucalyptus. Other sections are less frequent, such as the "Online
Digital Magazines"; "A
Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus Fibers"; "Ecoefficiency
and Sustainability Corner" and "A
Meeting with the Forest Sector Innovation".
Moreover, we have a section called "Online
Technical References" whose
contents vary in each edition, but with the goal to bring good literature
about the Eucalyptus to our readers.
Two sections of amazing success among our readers and for which we
place a lot of attention and efforts are: "The
World of the Eucalyptus" and "The
Friends of the Eucalyptus". They focus mainly on regions and people
who are world leaders in terms of Eucalyptus. Many researchers have
been so far honored and their scientific and technical production shared
with our readers. Similarly, several countries and Brazilian states
have deserved wide coverage in relation to what they are developing
in forestry and forest-based industry.
In 2010, we have introduced some new sections to cover
other relevant issues related to the forest-based sector and to diversify
our technological
line, opening up new windows to provide more knowledge about the Eucalyptus: "Ecological,
Economic and Forestry Zoning in Brazil"; "Online
Technical Videos" and "Eucalyptic
Technological Essays by the Friends of the Eucalyptus". Through them, we seek to bring the state-of-the-art
to the forest-based segment, both environmentally and technologically
speaking.
The Ester Foelkel's mini-articles on "Curiosities
and Oddities about the Eucalyptus" cover an interesting variety of titles and
situations, seeking to elucidate and to clarify the general public
about the many uses of Eucalyptus for the benefit of the World Society.
On the other hand, our section "Technical
Mini-Article by Celso Foelkel" has had the mission to increase the knowledge and to
clarify readers about conceptual or technical issues that for some
reasons have different levels of understanding by people in our Society,
and therefore, ultimately result in conflicting and misunderstanding
situations. Finally, randomly and often due to suggestions from readers,
we have several special sections, such compilations, reviews or tutorial
texts, dealing with topics of great interest about the Eucalyptus.
Ultimately, our Eucalyptus
Newsletter is also oriented
to offer, free-of-charge and to all interested people, the "Eucalyptus
Online Book" chapters,
launched as a digital book about the many aspects of the Eucalyptus, written by Celso Foelkel.
We invite you all to visit our 2005/2010 archives and to access our
technical production, according to the interest of each one. Please,
use the following links:
Section
- "The World of the Eucalyptus"
• The Eucalyptus in
Portugal
• State
of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
• South
Africa
• Uruguay
• Mato
Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil
• State
of Sao Paulo - Brazil
• State of Minas Gerais - Brazil (just in Portuguese
till now)
•
State of Piaui - Brazil
•
Updates about the state of Mato Grosso do Sul - Brazil
•
State of Tocantins - Brazil
Section
- "The Friends of the Eucalyptus"
• Dr.
Herbert Sixta
• Forest
engineer Teotonio Francisco de Assis
• Dr.
Robert Paul Kibblewhite
• Dr.
Laercio Couto
• Dra.
Maria Cristina Area
• Dr.
Luiz Ernesto George Barrichelo
• Dr.
Jose Luiz Stape
• Mr.
Gustavo Iglesias Trabado
• Professor
Jose Paz Pena
• Professor
Roberto Melo Sanhueza
• Professor
Paulo Renato Schneider
• Professor
Miguel Angel Mario Zanuttini
• Dr.
Dario Grattapaglia (just in Portuguese till now)
• Dr.
Alberto Daniel Venica
• Professor
Dr. Jose Livio Gomide
• Professor Dr. Jose Otavio Brito (just in Portuguese till now)
• Professor
Dr. Dan Binkley
• Forest engineer M.Sc. Rubens Cristiano Damas Garlipp
• Mr. Dave Hillman
•
Forest
engineer M.Sc. Jorge Vieira Gonzaga († In memoriam )
Section "Eucalyptic
Technological Essays by the Friends of the Eucalyptus"
• Brazil's Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps - The Superior Eucalyptus Wins the World Pulp Markets Over - by Dave Hillman
Section "Online
Technical References" - Just the editions
associated to some specific issue
• Technical
References about South Africa
• Technical
References about Uruguay
• Ph.D.
Theses, Master Dissertations and Monographs from Chilean Universities
• Technical
References about Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul
• "O
Papel" Magazine Cover Stories (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Historical
Books about the Eucalyptus written by Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Armando
Navarro Sampaio and Octavio Vecchi
• Some
More Historical and Classic Books about the Eucalyptus
• A Selection of some Master of Science and
Ph.D. Theses from UFV - Federal University of Vicosa... under Dr.
Jose Livio Gomide Guidance and Advising
•
Technical References about the state of Minas Gerais - Brazil (Just
in Portuguese till now)
•
Technical References about the Charcoal made from Eucalyptus (Just
in Portuguese till now)
• Technical References about the state of Piaui - Brazil
•
Technical References about the state of Tocantins - Brazil
Section "Euca-Links" -
Just the editions associated to some specific issue
• Euca-Links
about South Africa
• Euca-Links
about Uruguay
• Euca-Links
about the State of Sao Paulo
• Euca-Links
about Charcoal from Eucalyptus (Just in Portuguese till now)
•
Euca-Links about the State of Piaui - Brazil
•
Academic
Websites with Emphasis in Pulp and Paper Science & Technology
•
Euca-Links about the State of Tocantins - Brazil
Section "References about Events and Courses" - Just the
editions associated to some specific issue
• Events
and Courses in South Africa
• Events
and Courses in Uruguay
• Events
and Courses in Mato Grosso & Mato Grosso do Sul
• Events and Courses in Minas Gerais - Brazil
(Just in Portuguese till now)
•
Events and Courses about Charcoal from Eucalyptus (Just in Portuguese
till now)
Section "Online Digital Magazines" -
Just the editions associated to some specific issue
• Digital
Magazines in South Africa
• Digital
Magazines in Uruguay
• Digital
Magazines in the State of Sao Paulo - Brazil
• Digital
Magazines in the State of Minas Gerais - Brazil (Just in Portuguese
till now)
Section "Online Technical Videos"
•
Technical Videos about Charcoal from Eucalyptus (Just in Portuguese
till now)
Section "A Meeting with the Forest Sector Innovation" -
Just the editions associated to some specific issue
• ABTCP
Articles (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Technological
Roadmaps
• Strategic
Technological Plan from IPEF - Institute of Forest Researches and
Studies - and Agenda 2020 Technology Alliance
Section "Eco-Efficiency
and Sustainability Corner" -
Just the editions associated to some specific issue
• ABTCP
Articles (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Eco-Labelling
and Forest Certification
Section "Ecological,
Economic and Forestry Zoning in Brazil"
• Forest Survey and Ecologial Economic Zoning of the State of Minas Gerais
- Brazil (Just in Portuguese till now)
Section "A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured
with Eucalyptus"
• A
Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Manufactured with Eucalyptus Fibers
• Decor
Papers
Texts, Tutorials and Relevant Selected Topics about the Eucalyptus
• Australia
Plants - The genera Eucalyptus, Corymbia and Angophora
• Forest
Certification
• Environmental
Impact Assessment Studies of the New Market Pulp Mills (Botnia and ENCE) in Uruguay
• Eucalyptus in
Asia
• Eucalyptus Diseases
• The
Graduate Course in Pulp and Paper Technology at the Federal Universiy of Vicosa
• The
Graduate Course in Forest Engineering - Forest Products Technology - UFSM Federal
University of Santa Maria
• Wood
Anatomy - A Tutorial - A Photo Gallery on Images and Wood Anatomy Sceneries
• Wood
Anatomy: A Complement to our Previous Tutorial
• Insect
Pests and Diseases of the Eucalyptus
• Eucalyptus Essential
Oils
• Honey
Production from Eucalyptus
• Genomics
in Eucalyptus
• Environmental
Impact Assessment Studies for Modern Pulp Fiberlines
• Environmental
Legislation for Modern Pulp Fiberlines: a Study Made Available by the Tasmania
Government
• Bleaching
of the Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps
• Best
Available Techniques to the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Pulp (a continuation
on this topic)
• Costs
and Profits in the Eucalyptus Wood Production by Coppice / Clear Cutting
Forest Management
• Eucalyptus Photo
Gallery
• A
Field Guide to the Eucalyptus and Plantation Forest Trees
• Planting
and Growing Eucalyptus Plantation Forests
• Albany
resources (Western Australia) pay off for forward thinking
• Eucalyptus:
Doubts, Creeds, Myths, Facts e Realities. Part 01: The opinion of the "contrary
interested parties"
• Eucalyptus: Doubts,
Creeds, Myths, Facts e Realities. Part 02: The opinion of the "favorable
interested parties"
• RISI
Top 50 Power List
• Eucalyptus Global
Map 2008
• Eucalyptus World
Map
• Tributes
to the Eucalyptus: in the Music and in the Literature
• Weed
Competition and Control in Eucalyptus Forest Plantations
• Five
Years of The Section "Ask the Euca Expert" (Just in Portuguese
till now)
• Eucalyptus Wooden
Poles (Just in Portuguese till now)
• FEENA
- "Edmundo Navarro de Andrade" Sao Paulo State Forest
• Eucalyptus Museum
• Prices
of Forest Products
• Costs
of Forest Operations with Eucalyptus
• Virtual
Herbaria
•
Lignotuber: what is and serves for...
•
Virtual Xylotheques or Wood Collections
•
The First Annual Congress or Convention of ABTCP - Brazilian Technical
Association of Pulp and Paper - in 1968
Section - "Curiosities and Oddities about the Eucalyptus" by
Ester Foelkel
• The Eucalyptus and
its Artcraft
• The Eucalyptus Inspiring
Arts
• The Eucalyptus used
in Landscape Designing and Gardening
• The Eucalyptus being
used to the Production of Bonsais
• The Eucalyptus used
for the Production of Insect Repellents
• The Eucalyptus used
for the Production of Honey - A top quality apiculture
• The Eucalyptus used
for the Production of Soaps & Detergents
• The
Production of Shiitake Mushroom based on Eucalyptus Logs
• The
Association of the Eucalyptus to Human Allergies
• The
Disinfectant and Antiseptic Properties of the Eucalyptus
• The Eucalyptus and
the Production of Tannins (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Railway
Sleepers made from Eucalyptus Woods
• Eucalyptus Wood
Flooring
• Obtaining
Pyroligneous Acid from the Wood of Eucalyptus (Just in Portuguese
till now)
• Obtaining
Tar/Creosote from the Wood of Eucalyptus (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Products from the Eucalyptus to Prevent Mites and Ticks Problems
• Pruning the Urban Eucalyptus
• Demolition Wood: New Uses and Advantages to the Wood of the Eucalyptus
• Small Diameter Roundwood Obtained from the Eucalyptus and its Utilization
in the Construction Industry
Eucalyptus Online Book Chapters by Celso Foelkel
• Bark
of the Eucalyptus Trees: Morphological, Physiological,
Forestry, Ecological and Industrial Aspects Oriented to the Pulp
and Paper Production (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Minerals
and Nutrients on Eucalyptus Trees: Environmental, Physiological,
Silvicultural and Industrial Aspects about the Inorganic Elements Present
on Trees (Just in Portuguese till now)
• The Eucalyptus Fibers
and the Kraft Pulp Quality Requirements for Paper Manufacturing
• Vessel
Elements and Eucalyptus Pulps
• Industrial
Solid Wastes from Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Production. Part 01: Fibrous
Organic Residues
• Eco-Efficiency
in Managing the Pulp Fiber Losses and the Broke Generated in Paper Manufacturing
• Eco-efficient
Management of Woody Forest Residues from the Eucalyptus Plantation Forestry
• The Eucalyptus and
the Leguminosae. Part 01: Acacia mearnsii
• Eco-efficiency
and Cleaner Production for the Eucalyptus Pulp and Paper Industry
• Opportunities
for Eco-Effectiveness, Eco-Efficiency and Cleaner Production in Manufacturing Eucalyptus Kraft
Pulp (Just in Portuguese till now)
• The
Production of Eucalyptus Plantation Forests from the Perspective of
Eco-Effectiveness, Eco-Efficiency, and Cleaner Production
• One
Thousand and One Ways to Make your Pulp and/or Paper Mill and your Planted Forest
more Eco-Effective and Eco-Efficient (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Industrial
Solid Wastes from Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp Production. Part 02: Success
Factors for Management (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Papermaking
Properties of Eucalyptus Trees, Woods, and Pulp Fibers
• The
Process of Eucalyptus Wood Chips Inpregnation by the Kraft Pulping Liquor (Just
in Portuguese till now)
• Individualizing Eucalyptus Woody
Fibers for the Production of Kraft Pulp (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Differentiating Eucalyptus Market
Pulps and Papers through Pulp Fines Management (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Production
of Charcoal using the Wood from Eucalyptus Planted Forests (Just
in Portuguese till now)
• A
Reference Guide about Energy Eco-Efficiency to the Brazilian Eucalyptus Kraft Pulp and Paper Industry (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Industrial
Solid Wastes Generated in the Eucalyptus Pulp and Paper Manufacturing
Processes. Part 03: Sludges & Sludges (Just
in Portuguese till now)
• Industrial
Solid Wastes Generated in the Eucalyptus Pulp and Paper Manufacturing
Processes. Part 04: Dirt Bark (Just in Portuguese
till now)
Technical Mini-Articles by Celso Foelkel
• Flash
Drying as a Process to Differentiate Market Pulps
• Eucalyptus: the
Tallest and most Productive Trees on Earth...
• Washing
and Cleaning Eucalyptus Pulps
• ECF
and TCF Bleaching Sequences for Eucalyptus Kraft Pulps
• The Eucalyptus in
Brazil
• The Eucalyptus in
Brazil - Second part
• Modern
Bleached Kraft Eucalyptus Pulp Fiberlines
• Best
Available Technologies and Best Environmental Practices to the Production of Eucalyptus Bleached
Kraft Pulps
• The Eucalyptus Bleached
Kraft Pulp Manufacturing and the Water Consumption
• Closing
Water Cycle for Further Reductions on Water Consumption in the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Bleached
Kraft Pulp
• Eucalyptus Planted
Forests and Water Consumption
• Eucalyptus Planted
Forests and the Biodiversity
• The Eucalyptus and
the Eco-labels
• The Eucalyptus and
the Soil Conservation
• The Eucalyptus Plantation
Forests and the Environment
• The Eucalyptus Planted
Forests and the Sustainability
• Communicating
to Society the Realities of the Forest-Based Sector
• Treating
the Wastewaters Generated in the Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp Mills
• Managing Eucalyptus Plantation
Forests for Enhanced Sustainability
• The Eucalyptus Planted
Forests, Land Use and the Production of Food in Brazil
• The Eucalyptus Plantation
Forests and the Use of Pesticides
• The Eucalyptus Plantation
Forests and the Use of Fertilizers (Just in Portuguese till now)
• About
Edmundo Navarro de Andrade, Armando Navarro Sampaio and Octavio Vecchi
• Eucalyptus Plantations
and Genetically Modified Trees
• Pruning Eucalyptus Trees
• Recycled
and Virgin Fiber Papers: A Required Complement for both Technological and Environmental
Reasons (Just in Portuguese till now)
• Paper as a Cultural Asset with Fundamental Value to Human Society
• Environmental Performance Indicators for the Bleached Eucalyptus Kraft
Pulp Mills
• Performance and Productivity Indicators to the Eucalyptus Pulp and
Paper Mills
• Social Indicators to the Eucalyptus Pulp and Paper Companies
Celso
Foelkel's Life Reports
Technical
Course in Pulp and Paper - State Institute of Education "Gomes
Jardim" at Guaiba-RS
In August 1979, on my first working
week in the former Riocell in Rio Grande do Sul, shortly after my
professional transference from CENIBRA
- Minas Gerais, I received a request from my dear friend Dr. Aldo Sani,
who was the Riocell's CEO, to cooperate teaching lectures in the newly
created Technical Course in Pulp and Paper in Guaiba. The course had been
created and legalized, but teachers were still missing for some disciplines/courses,
including one that always delights me, it was exactly about the fibrous
raw materials for pulping and papermaking. It was my first introduction
to this amazing course, one of the many Dr. Aldo's creations, one of those
he has helped to build. I always admired him for the enthusiasm and willingness
to promote professional education. He had helped to set up a technical
course in pulp and paper at post-secondary education in Telemaco Borba
- PR, while he was working at Klabin. He had also given all the required
support for the rise and maintenance of the major course of graduate level
in pulp and paper in Brazil, at UFV - Federal University of Vicosa, a partnership
between CENIBRA and UFV, which began in 1977 (http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/relatos.html).
These two courses have been extraordinary examples of success in the Brazilian
professional education for the pulp and paper sector, and this course which
was born in 1979 in Guaíba followed the same pattern. So, it came
as no surprise for me to receive this request from Aldo Sani. He was investing
once more, now through Riocell - Rio Grande Companhia de Celulose do Sul,
in creating a new pulp and paper course for Brazil. I felt myself very
proud to work helping the project - these issues in teaching and education
always fall on fertile ground when demanded to me.
Shortly before, in 1978, Riocell shareholders had agreed to make a large
investment to complete the Eucalyptus pulp mill in Guaiba, which was incomplete
at the time because the company was obliged to utilize a bleach plant overseas
in Sarpsborg - Norway - in a Borregaard AG facility. A new state-of-the-art
bleaching line would be built in Guaiba, with other auxiliary units, such
as wastewater treatment plant, coal-fired power boiler, chemical plants
for production of chlorine-caustic soda and chlorine dioxide, etc. To operate
the new units, there was the need for qualified people, increasingly scarce
in Brazil at that time due to labor competition from other projects in
pulp and paper, such as Aracruz Celulose, Suzano, Ripasa, Jari, Klabin,
CENIBRA, etc. The training of middle level technicians to work as process
operators was vital to the success of the Riocell's project with the required
technological complementation. If the course would be created immediately
(1979), the 3 years course term would be just enough for forming the first
graduated class in 1982, just before the starting up of the new industrial
units, which would occur in 1983. The seeds for the creation of the technical
course in pulp and paper in Guaiba were been thrown; and today, more than
three decades later, the proof of its success is unquestionable.
I had the honor of having taught in the first class of students accepted
to this course. This started to occur in August 1979, when I could taught
to them two disciplines on fibrous raw materials, beginning with silvicultural
aspects of plantations for wood formation oriented to supply to pulp mills
and complementing on the main properties of wood for pulp and paper manufacturing.
Imagine that with me, we had teachers such as nothing more, nothing less,
that the engineers: Antonio Waldomiro Petrik, Carlos Alberto Busnardo and
Luiz Renato Chagas Figueiredo, among others. It was a highly qualified
group of teachers, whose goals were not just teaching contents, but to
help consolidating the personal and professional progress of motivate students,
mostly originated from Guaiba.
Along these more than 30 years since the foundation, the
P&P course
has not only survived but grew and it has consolidated. Today, it is a
benchmark of professional education in the state of Rio Grande do Sul,
with an astonishing demand for its vacancies (an average of 30 candidates
from all parts of the state and other regions for each of 40 annual open
vacancies). The candidate screening became a requirement from 1993 onwards,
when the course gained a projection beyond the borders of Guaiba. It can
now be said that about 700 students have graduated since the first prom,
which occurred in 1982. Many of these students have been and are being
hired by the pulp and paper mills that exist in Guaiba and in the surroundings
of Porto Alegre. However, many of them are working for other kinds of industrial
sectors or for pulp and paper mills located in other Brazilian states.
Other students, when they complete the technical course, continue the career,
studying engineering, business administration, etc. and they become aggregated
to other types of professional activities within or outside the P&P
sector. It is also common to have trained technicians working in pulp and
paper suppliers.
The course had several students who distinguished themselves because successful
careers, including one who has received the award "Young Scientist",
an award provided by CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development, our good friend Dr. Wagner Gerber. Others, such as Mr. Elton
Constantin, reached top technical managerial positions in industrial mills
in the P&P segment.
Several former students,
after graduating from university courses, come back to "Gomes Jardim" as teachers of the course. In short, a
kind of "perpetual motion", each one giving a share of contribution
to the perpetuity of the course and career. To list all students and teachers
of the course would be very difficult, I surely would miss some of them
and the list would be a very long one. I just want to report some of my
former students from the first graduating class, those who most marked
my memories. I'll do this shortly after. However, I would like to thank
and to congratulate the many teachers, who have helped the course along
its life and send my gratitude and appreciation to my friend and current
course coordinator, the engineer Mr. Francisco Giacobbo (fbgiacobbo@cmpcrs.com.br),
a talented professional working at CMPC Celulose Riograndense. I would
also like to emphasize the important role of the board of "Gomes Jardim" institute
of education, in the person of Professor Mrs. Nara Marly Zeilmann Moraes
- and the supervisor of education and traineeships/internships - Professor
Mr. Rudi Medeiros. My warmest greetings to you all, who made and/or are
making this history of success. My compliments and appreciation also to
all companies that have succeeded Riocell when stock controls have changed
for the same company. All, without exception, have supported the course
and maintained the partnership with the educational institute. We're talking
about: Klabin Riocell, Aracruz Celulose, Fibria and currently CMPC Celulose
Riograndense.
The technical course in pulp and paper of the current State
Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim" was founded in 1979, through a partnership
between Riocell - Rio Grande Companhia de Celulose do Sul and the 12th
Office of Education from the RS State Secretariat of Education and Culture.
At that time, the institute was called State High School "Gomes Jardim".
The school principal at the time the course was founded was professor Mrs.
Graciana Uranga da Rocha. By Riocell acted as drivers, our great friend
Dr. Aldo Sani and the person responsible for the training department, the
administrator Marco Aurelio Kihs. Since that time, the Technical Course
in Pulp and Paper was the best professional course in the city of Guaiba,
soon gaining recognition and popularity in the entire state. This was due
to: qualifications of teachers, opportunities offered to students, training
periods in Riocell or even in other companies in the region; opportunities
for immediate employment after graduation.
Riocell and the companies that have followed in its history, always offered
their facilities, libraries, laboratories, teaching resources, teachers,
technical visits and traineeships/internships. Technical disciplines of
the whole course are as follows: Raw Materials, Pulp Production, Paper
Production, Applied Physics, Applied Analytical Chemistry, Technical Drawing,
General Mechanics, Basic Instrumentation and Automation, Technical English
and Organization and Rules.
In 1979, as part of the agreement, the 12th Office of Education
also offered the possibility of recruiting two teachers through the public
education
system. They were admitted in this part-time function (without prejudice
to their professional activities in Riocell, because the course was night-time)
two engineers from Riocell: Carlos Alberto Busnardo, and few years later,
Jorge Vieira Gonzaga. Our dear friend Carlos Busnardo was the teacher with
greater longevity in the history of the course. For this reason, I asked
him some help with data for this life report, for which I thank very much.
Carlos worked as a teacher for several disciplines and classes, from 1979
until 1998, when he left Rio Grande do Sul to move to the Parana state.
Carlos was honored several times by graduating classes. In 1984, he was
honored as patron and one of the key speakers for that specific graduating
class. In his speech, Carlos paid homage to the students with a remarkable
phrase: "Until yesterday you were the raw materials; and now you all
are first-class finished products,...". Nothing more appropriate for
these young people, most still emerging from adolescence, but who turned
out to be excellent professionals to the industry.
The course has always been a high school level course. The students have
their P&P activities in two years of lectures and one vocational training
period at a mill. They are admitted to the course after completing the
first year of the basic secondary education (corresponding to the upper
levels of the high-school). In 1979, the course started with 20 students
- lasting three years; now it has two-year of technical classes and are
admitted 40 students per year. The selection of students is very crowded,
as mentioned before. Students mobilize themselves for a differentiated
learning, including activities to obtain funds to go participating in the
annual congress and technical exhibition organized every year by ABTCP
- Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp and Paper, in Sao Paulo. A huge
achievement for these motivated kids.
Speaking about motivated young people, I remember a lot
of my lectures to the first class of the course, exactly in 1979. I had
absolutely amazing
students, both for the enthusiasm and the competence. I had just left the
graduate course on pulp and paper at UFV-Vicosa, where I had taught in
the first half of 1979. Suddenly, I found myself in the second half of
the year with a group of young students, not graduated in engineering,
but having the high school level of education. Believe it or not, but I
had some students in Guaiba who were able to solve my difficult problems
in an easier way than several of the students I had in the graduate course
at UFV. Imagine the surprise and excitement of a teacher who meets a group
of children with 15-18 years of age giving a "show of talent".
Several of them were hired by Riocell, others by Celupa and Cia Pedras
Brancas, other pulp and paper mills in the city of Guaiba. With much affection
and specific characteristics of a professor (always feeling a father to
his students), I remember very well several students as: Cladismar Schmidt;
Loremi Gomes Lesina; Ivana Teresinha Villanova; Lauro Soares; Luiz Antonio
da Luz; Iema Rocha; Isabel Cristina Vieira; Marco Aurelio Andriotti; Nilzo
Andriotti; Vania Schuch; Celso Polcharski; Carmen Lucia Diddio da Silva;
Sandra Rejane de Oliveira, among so many others.
Probably, you have noticed the large presence of women as students, at
that time. The course was attractive to young people looking for a career
in Guaiba, no matter the sex. Right at the graduation of the first group
of students, we faced a real problem - how to hire women as far most of
the operation work in the Riocell mill was happening under alternate shifts.
The protective Brazilian legislation of that time was in favor of men,
by preventing women for working in shifts. We had then, myself, the engineer
Mr. Antonio Waldomiro Petrik and Mr. Hissashi Umezu (Riocell's human resources
manager), a serious talk to find ways to build opportunities in the mill
operations to the female human resources. We decided to risk - the labor
penalty was small, and the risk was proved to worth to be taken. If we
had done nothing at that time, we would lose most of the female students,
because the labor functions on the mill daytime were limited in number.
Then, we hired the first female worker, just graduated from our course,
to perform in the level of manufacturing operations and working in alternate
shift - I remember very well the historic day in which Ms. Loremi Lesina,
one for our best students from the first group, began performing very successfully
in the areas of causticizing and lime kiln at the mill. One risk that well
worth to be taken.
I have the best of my memories from this period. I was professor just to
the first group of students in 1979, because soon after we have created
another graduate course with the usual support from Dr. Aldo Sani. This
new graduate course was created at USP - University of Sao Paulo, which
made me go every week to Piracicaba-SP and to the city for Sao Paulo, too.
But this is another one for my life reports, I will tell on another occasion.
I am also very happy that the Guaiba P&P course has been consolidated
along the years, and that the students/professors have always struggled
to make this course an example from Rio Grande do Sul to the pulp and paper
sector in Brazil. Even away from the classrooms, since 1980, I always did
my best to support the course, especially getting dozens of students as
trainees at the Riocell Technological Center, of which I was responsible
for the management till 1998. By "meeting again the course",
in a recent speech I made at the Fifth Technical Seminar of Pulp and Paper
2010, organized by the ATCP-RS, I realized how important was my modest
contribution to it. For this reason, I decided to report this fact with
the aim to promote this kind of idea that has worked out by the efforts
of many.
There is even an association of the technicians graduated from this course
in Guaiba, called ATCP - RS - Association of the Pulp and Paper Technicians
in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Please, visit the ATCP-RS website to
understand the reasons for my enthusiasm for the course.
I hope that this life report may serve as an incentive to other companies
in the pulp and paper sector to realize how it is possible to build a better
future for themselves and for people working in this sector. So, let me
end this report with a phrase that was sent to me by professor Carlos Alberto
Busnardo, another enthusiastic supporter of this course - "Guaiba
Technical Course in Pulp and Paper: excellence in people's development
and the result of a dream turned into reality through activities well-designed
and implemented".
Suggestions
for complementary reading and browsing about the Technical Course in
Pulp and Paper - State Institute
of Education "Gomes
Jardim":
State Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim". Accessed on 29.12.2010:
Traditional elementary, secondary and vocational education school from
the RS State Secretariat of Education and Culture, located in Guaiba.
The institute has been founded on July 5th, 1926 under the name of Primary
School of Guaiba. In 1979, the institute began offering a Technical Course
in Pulp and Paper, thanks to an agreement firmed between Riocell - Rio
Grande Companhia de Celulose do Sul, and the 12th Office of Education,
from the Secretariat of Education and Culture of the State of Rio Grande
do Sul.
http://www.ieegomesjardim.gub.relrs.g12.br/ (Home page
of the State Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim" - in Portuguese)
http://www.ieegomesjardim.gub.relrs.g12.br/ (Fundamental courses and
professional career - in Portuguese)
Blog ATCP- RS - Association of the Pulp and Paper Technicians
in the State of Rio Grande do Sul. Accessed on 29.12.2010:
ATCP-RS aims to bring together the Pulp and Paper Technicians who successfully
accomplished the course in the State Institute of Education "Gomes
Jardim", regardless of the graduation time, in order to improve
the technical, educational and cultural skills, and to integrate the
technicians to industrial companies in this sector, through news, events
and newsletters. The association organizes seminars, technical visits,
lectures, and trainings also oriented to other industrial sectors. It
also aims to promote the quality of the Pulp and Paper Technician to
the the job markets. The blog is rather diverse, has many technical sections
on forestry and pulp and paper, but it is surprising and welcome the
concerns of the ATCP-RS team with activities of valuing people and community
integration.
http://atcprs.blogspot.com/ (Home
page - in Portuguese)
http://atcprs.blogspot.com/2009/01/um-pouco-da-historia-do-instituto.html (History
of the State Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim" -
in Portuguese)
http://atcprs.blogspot.com/2009/10/atcp-rs-e-presenca-na-abtcp-2009.html (ATCP-RS makes presence at the 2009 ABTCP Congress in Sao Paulo) - in
Portuguese)
http://atcprs.blogspot.com/2009/10/congresso-e-exposicao-de-celulose-e.html (ATCP-RS
makes presence at the 2009 ABTCP Exhibition in Sao Paulo - in Portuguese)
http://atcprs.blogspot.com/2010/09/v-seminario-tecnico-em-celulose-e-papel.html (About the 5th Technical Seminar in Pulp and Paper - 2010 - in Portuguese)
Photographic sequence about Celso Foelkel and the Technical Course
in Pulp and Paper at the State Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim".
C. Foelkel. PowerPoint presentation: 08 slides. Accessed on 29.12.2010:
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/05_Fotos%20Curso%20Gomes%20Jardim.pdf (in Portuguese)
Technical Course in Pulp and Paper. Social actions by Celulose Riograndense. Accessed on 29.1.2010:
Celulose Riograndense mentions on its website that the Technical Course
in Pulp and Paper was created in 1979, aiming at the formation of skilled
labor to work for the pulp and paper industry. It refers that the Technical
Course is a partnership between CMPC Celulose Riograndense and the State
of Rio Grande do Sul. The theoretical lectures are taught at the State
Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim" in Guaiba. The practical
lectures are carried out in the CMPC Celulose Riograndense pulp and paper
mill and laboratories. The course lasts two years, covering a workload
of 1,710 hours of teaching, plus 350 hours of mandatory internship, admitting
about 40 students each year. Teachers in the technological area of the
course are connected to the company, whether as employees or as service
providers.
http://www.celuloseriograndense.com.br (Celulose Riograndense Website
- in Portuguese)
http://www.celuloseriograndense.com.br/comunidade.php (Celulose Riograndense
social actions - in Portuguese)
Some evaluations (quizzes) applied from 1979 to 1981 to the the
first groups of students of the Technical Course in Pulp and Paper at
the State
Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim ". C. Foelkel; C.A. Busnardo;
J.V. Gonzaga. (2010)
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/06_Avaliacoes_cursoGomesJardim.zip (in Portuguese)
Quadruplicacao
da Aracruz em Guaiba (RS) aumenta procura por curso tecnico.
(Quadrupling of Aracruz in Guaiba-RS increases demand for technical courses).
D. Cruz. Jornal Ja. (2007)
http://www.jornalja.com.br/2007/10/22/quadruplicacao-da-
aracruz-em-guaiba-rs-aumenta-procura-por-curso-tecnico/
(in Portuguese)
Curso tecnico de celulose em Guaiba supera expectativa. (Technical course
about pulp and paper in Guaiba exceeds expectations). N. Santos. RS State
House of Representatives. (2005)
http://www.al.rs.gov.br/Dep/site/materia_antiga.asp?txtIDMateria=132551&txtIdDep=122 (in Portuguese)
Curso tecnico de Guaiba. Parceria governo-empresa: Klabin Riocell
presente no ensino tecnico de escola estadual do Rio Grande do Sul. (Technical
course in Guaiba. Government-business partnership: Klabin Riocell is
present in technical education school in the state of Rio Grande do Sul).
R.M. Savastano. O Papel (December): 65-66. (2001)
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/03_Gomes%20Jardim%20O%20Papel.pdf (in Portuguese)
Celulose e papel e o curso preferido por secundaristas. (Pulp and paper
is the preferred course by high school students). Riocell S.A. A Garca
nº XII. 01 pp. (1992)
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/04_Curso%20preferido.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Google Images on the Technical Course in Pulp and Paper at the State
Institute of Education "Gomes Jardim" - Guaiba-RS:
http://www.google.com.br/images?hl=pt-br&source=imghp&biw=1276&bih=595&q=
curso+t%C3%A9cnico+em+celulose+e+papel+gomes+
jardim+gua%C3%ADba&gbv=2&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq=&gs_rfai= (in Portuguese)
Great
Authors on Eucalyptus Pests and Diseases
Dr.
Celso Garcia Auer
One of the most important topics to be studied for the
success of forest plantations is exactly the one connected to Plant Health,
sometimes, also referred as Forest Protection. This area of science aims
ensuring that the man-made forests, planted in large areas with the same
species or clone, may grow and develop as expected by those who planted
them, without their physiological processes being affected by predators.
The leading causes of diseases or predation attacks on planted forests
of Eucalyptus trees are insects (pests) and fungi, bacteria's and viruses
(diseases). To prevent the emergence of these predators, surveillance
and monitoring should be constant, as well as scientific studies to mitigate
damage and to control the populations of undesirable biological components
in the forest ecosystem. These predation attacks may occur in both living
trees as well as in timber and other products obtained from planted forests
(e.g.: the case of termites and fungi attacks on wood in use).
In Brazil, we have several eminent people who have researched or are
still researching the health of forest plantations, assisting in identifying
pests and diseases as well as working in prevention and control. From
this edition onwards, we will make a simple tribute to some of them,
referencing in some editions of the Eucalyptus Newsletter several of
their major publications and a brief report of their scientific careers.
We will start this new section featuring a renowned researcher from EMBRAPA,
who has added a huge scientific basis on diseases of various tree species
that are commercially important in Brazil, including those of the genera
Eucalyptus and Pinus. This researcher is Dr. Celso Garcia Auer. Recently,
Dr. Auer was honored by our other digital information newsletter, the
PinusLetter, more specifically targeted to the species of Pinus and other
conifers of importance to the countries located in Latin America and
in the Iberian Peninsula.
It turns out that most of our great authors about Pinus, are also major
researchers on the Eucalyptus. So, it was natural for us to supplement
our tribute to them, offering you to read some of their publications
with the Eucalyptus that have been published along their careers. These
articles, with much certainty, will be very useful at any time you face
problems in the Eucalyptus plantations related to Plant Health.
Stay tuned for next newsletter editions, since at least a dozen of great
Brazilian authors and their most relevant publications would be offered
for browsing and reading.
Dr.
Celso Garcia Auer
Celso
Garcia Auer was born in the city
of Sao Paulo, Brazil, on June 15th, 1961. Celso graduated as a forest
engineer
at the Superior College
of Agriculture "Luiz de Queiroz", University of Sao Paulo,
ESALQ/USP, in 1983; he completed his master's degree in Agronomy-Plant
Pathology in 1986, studying the impact of the presence of thermophilic
fungi in self-heated piles of wood chips at Champion Papel e Celulose
mill. Later, he completed his Ph.D. at ESALQ/USP, in 1991, studying the
impact of canker in Eucalyptus plantations in the state of Sao Paulo.
From 1986 to 1990, he was professor of UNIFENAS, Alfenas, Brazil, teaching
lectures on Microbiology and Forest Pathology. In 1989, he was hired
by the CNPF - National Forestry Research Center, today EMBRAPA Florestas,
to act in researching the etiology, epidemiology and control of forest
diseases, especially those of Eucalyptus and Pinus. In 1990 and 1991,
he assisted the College of Forestry, Sao Paulo State University "Julio
de Mesquita Filho, in Botucatu, SP, lecturing Forest Pathology, until
the hiring of an effective teacher. Today, he also participates as
a professor of the Graduate Course in Forestry, at the UFPR - Federal
University
of Parana, lecturing Forest Pathology and advising masters and doctoral
students about diseases in Eucalyptus, Pinus, black wattle and mate.
Celso takes part in various EMBRAPA projects in partnership with universities,
research institutes and forestry companies. Among his main lines of
research with microorganisms in Eucalyptus are highlighted several
studies on
the decomposition of wood by the action of thermophilic fungi in pulp
mill wood chip piles. In the team of researchers from EMBRAPA Florestas
who are dedicated to study the diseases of Eucalyptus, we can also
mention Dr. Albino Grigoletti Junior and Dr.
Alvaro Figueiredo dos Santos, who
have several joint projects and co-authorship on research papers with
Dr. Celso Garcia Auer. To this fantastic team working on forestry health
in Brazil, our greetings and thanks.
Know Dr. Celso Garcia Auer's complete curriculum vitae at:
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4782793A6 (CNPQ Lattes Platform of Curriculum Vitae)
Know a more detailed Dr. Celso Garcia Auer's biography, given when he
had his career disclosed at PinusLetter number 28: http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/pinus_28.html#tres
Selection of articles, theses and speeches written by
Dr. Celso Garcia Auer and co-workers from EMBRAPA Florestas team, covering
issues on plant health, wood decomposition and forest protection, all
related to the Eucalyptus:
Podridao
de cerne do eucalipto em arvores vivas: etiologia e danos ocasionados.
(Eucalyptus heartwood decay in living trees: etiology and damage). C.G.
Auer. 16th PROTEF/IPEF Technical Meeting - Management of Forest Pests
and
Diseases. PowerPoint presentation: 33 slides. (2010)
http://www.ipef.br/eventos/2010/protef16/07-podridao_de_cerne.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Morte de arvores resultante de praticas inadequadas durante a
implantacao florestal. (Death of trees due to inadequate silvicultural practices
during forest establishment). A.F. Santos; C.G. Auer; R.A. Dedecek; P.E.T.
Santos; H.D. Silva. EMBRAPA Florestas Technical Sheet 158. 05 pp. (2008)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/circtec/edicoes/circ-tec158.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Produtos alternativos no controle do oidio em mudas de eucalipto. (Alternative
products to control powdery mildew on Eucalyptus seedlings). R.M. Bizi;
A. Grigoletti Jr.; C.G. Auer; L.L. May-de-Mio. Summa Phytophatologica
34(2): 144-148. (2008)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/sp/v34n2/06.pdf (in Portuguese)
Armillaria luteobubalina: praga florestal
exotica. (Armillaria
luteobubalina: an exotic forest pest). C.G. Auer; A.F. Santos. EMBRAPA Florestas Technical
Communication 195. 08 pp. (2007)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/comuntec/edicoes/com_tec195.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Growth
and germination of some thermophilic fungi isolated from eucalypt wood
chips. C.G. Auer. EMBRAPA Florestas Scientific News. 04 pp. (2007)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/pfb-revista-antiga/pfb_54/PFB54_p149-152_NC.pdf (in English)
ABSTRACT: Crescimento e germinacao de alguns fungos termofilos
isolados de cavacos de madeira de eucalipto. (Germination and growth of some thermophilic
fungi isolated from eucalypt wood chips). C.G. Auer. Pesquisa Florestal
Brasileira 54. (2007)
http://matas.cnpf.embrapa.br/pfb/index.php/pfb/article/view/140 (in Portuguese)
Alternativas
de controle do mofo-cinzento e do oidio em mudas de eucalipto. (Alternatives for control of gray mold and powdery mildew in leaves of
Eucalyptus). R.M. Bizi. Adviser: C.G. Auer. Master Dissertation. UFPR
- Federal University of Parana. 80 pp.(2006)
http://dspace.c3sl.ufpr.br/dspace/bitstream/1884/3885/1/
Disserta%c3%a7%c3%a3o%20final%20rafaela%20bizi.pdf (in Portuguese with summary in English)
Metodologia para inoculacao de Botrytes cinerea em Eucalyptus
dunnii. (Methodology for the inoculation of Botrytes
cinerea in Eucalyptus
dunnii).
A. Grigoletti Jr.; R.M. Bizi; C.G. Auer. EMBRAPA Florestas Technical
Communication 134. 02 pp. (2005)
http://w3.ufsm.br/fitoflorestal/antigos/admin/textos/pdf/9278.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Selecao de fungicidas para controle de oidio em eucalipto. (Selection
of fungicides to control powdery mildew in Eucalyptus). R.M. Bizi; A.
Grigoletti Jr.; C.G. Auer. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 51: 165-170.
(2005)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/
boletarqv/boletim51/boletim51_pag165-170.pdf (in Portuguese)
Doencas do eucalipto. (Eucalyptus diseases).
T. L. Krugner; C. G. Auer. In: Manual de Fitopatologia. (A Guide on Phytopathology).
H. Kimati;
L. Amorim; A. Bergamin Filho; L. E. A. Camargo; J. Rezende. Volume 2.
4th Ed. Editora Agronomica Ceres. (2005)
http://www.livrariaceres.com.br/manual_de_fitopatologia2.htm (in
Portuguese)
http://store-livroceres.locasite.com.br/loja/produtos_info.php/cPath/16/products_id/1910 (in
Portuguese)
http://www.editoraufv.com.br/produtos/manual-de-fitopatologia-volume-2 (in
Portuguese)
Isolamento de fungos xilofagos causadores de podridao-branca
na madeira de Eucalyptus sp. (Isolating wood decaying fungi causing white
rot in
Eucalyptus sp.). T.L. Zeni; C.G. Auer; W.L.E. Magalhaes. EMBRAPA Florestas
Technical Communication 119. 03 pp. (2004)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/comuntec/edicoes/com_tec119.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Estudo preliminar sobre as temperaturas de desenvolvimento
de Valsa ceratosperma. (Preliminary study about temperature influence in the development of Valsa
ceratosperma). C.G. Auer; T.L. Krugner. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal
48: 117-120. (2004)
http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/
CNPF-2009-09/38944/1/pag-117-120.pdf (in Portuguese)
Doencas. Cultivo do eucalipto. (Diseases. Eucalyptus plantations). C.G.
Auer; A.F. Santos; A. Grigoletti Jr. Production Systems 4. EMBRAPA Florestas.
(2003)
http://sistemasdeproducao.cnptia.embrapa.br/
FontesHTML/Eucalipto/CultivodoEucalipto/07_doencas_de_eucalipto.htm (in Portuguese)
Doencas do eucalipto no sul do Brasil: identificacao e controle. (Diseases
of Eucalyptus in Southern Brazil: identification and control). A.F. Santos;
C.G. Auer; A. Grigoletti Jr. EMBRAPA Florestas Technical Sheet 45. 20
pp. (2001)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/circtec/edicoes/circ-tec45.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Estrategias de manejo de doencas em viveiros florestais. (Strategies
for managing diseases in forest nurseries). A. Grigoletti Jr.; C.G. Auer;
A.F. Santos. EMBRAPA Florestas Technical Sheet 47. 08 pp. (2001)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/circtec/edicoes/circ-tec47.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Contribuicao de fatores climaticos na ocorrencia da seca de ponteiros
de Eucalyptus grandis em Arapoti-PR. (Contribution of climatic factors
on the occurrence of tree tops drying in Eucalyptus grandis in Arapoti-PR).
L.M.A. Maschio; F.M. Andrade; C.G. Auer. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal
41: 55-63. (2000)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim41/maschio.pdf (in Portuguese)
Efeito de fungos termofilos sobre a madeira de Eucalyptus saligna.
III. A populacao fungica. (Effect of thermophilic fungi in Eucalyptus
saligna wood. III. The fungal population). S.M.P. Guilmo; C.G. Auer; L.E.G. Barrichelo.
Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 37: 89-95. (1998)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim37/sguilmo.pdf (in Portuguese)
Influencia do solo na incidencia de cancro em Eucalyptus
grandis. (Influence
of soil on the incidence of canker in Eucalyptus grandis). C.G. Auer;
T.L. Krugner. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 34: 65-73. (1997)
http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/4929/1/cauer.pdf (in
Portuguese)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim34/cauer.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Doencas de arvores urbanas. (Urban trees diseases). C.G. Auer. Documents
28. EMBRAPA Florestas. 19 pp. (1996)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/seriedoc/edicoes/doc28.pdf (in Portuguese)
A ocorrencia do cancro do eucalipto nos estados do Parana e
de Santa Catarina. (The occurrence of Eucalyptus canker in the states of Parana
and Santa Catarina). C.G. Auer. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 32/33:
81-83. (1996)
http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/4923/1/cauer.pdf (in Portuguese)
Descricao de uma anomalia ocorrida em Eucalyptus grandis na
regiao de Arapoti-PR, Brasil. (Description of an anomaly occurred in Eucalyptus
grandis in the region of Arapoti-PR, Brazil). L.M.A. Maschio; C.A. Ferreira;
C.G. Auer; A. Grigoletti Jr.; M.R.S. Wiecheteck; A.M.B. Nardelli; C.A.
Bernardi. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 32/33: 85-87. (1996)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim32_33/lmaschio.pdf (in Portuguese)
Patogenicidade
de Cylindrocladium candelabrum em acacia negra. (Pathogenicity
of Cylindrocladium candelabrum in black wattle). C.G. Auer; E.P. Sotta.
Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 30/31: 29-35. (1995)
http://www.infoteca.cnptia.embrapa.br/bitstream/CNPF-2009-09/4914/1/cauer.pdf (in Portuguese)
Levantamento de Valsa ceratosperma e de Cryphonectria cubensis em cancros
de Eucalyptus grandis em tres locais do estado de Sao Paulo. (Survey
of Valsa ceratosperma and Cryphonectria cubensis in Eucalyptus
grandis cankers in three locations of the state of Sao Paulo). C.G. Auer; T.L.
Krugner. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 28/29: 03-10. (1994)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim28_29/cauer.pdf (in Portuguese)
Efeito de fungos termofilos sobre a madeira de Eucalyptus saligna. II.
Aspergillus sp., Dactylomyces thermophillus, Penicillium bacillisporum,
Rhizomucor sp. e Sporotrichum sp. (Effect of thermophilic fungi in Eucalyptus
saligna wood. II. Aspergillus sp., Dactylomyces thermophillus,
Penicillium bacillisporum, Rhizomucor sp. and Sporotrichum
sp.). S.M.P. Guilmo; C.G.
Auer; L.E.G. Barrichelo. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal 26/27: 29-34.
(1993)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim26_27/sguilmo.pdf (in Portuguese)
Efeito de fungos termofilos sobre madeira de Eucalyptus saligna. I. Thermoascus
aurantiacus. (Effect of thermophilic fungi in Eucalyptus saligna wood.
I. Thermoascus aurantiacus). S.M. Prado; C.G. Auer; L.E.G. Barrichelo.
24th ABTCP Annual Congress - Brazilian Technical Association of Pulp
and Paper). 08 pp. (1991)
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
07_fungos%20termofilos%20auer%20abtcp%201991.pdf (in Portuguese)
Cancros em Eucalyptus grandis: relacao entre incidencia e qualidade de
sitio, taxonomia da especie de Valsa associada e sua patogenicidade comparada
com Cryphonectria cubensis. (Eucalyptus grandis cankers: relationship
between incidence and site quality, taxonomy of the Valsa species associated
to its pathogenicity compared to Cryphonectria cubensis). C.G. Auer.
Ph.D. Thesis. ESALQ/USP - University of Sao Paulo. 110 pp. (1991)
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/02_Cancros%20de%20Eucalyptus.pdf (in Portuguese with summary in English)
Surto epidemico da mancha foliar causada por Cylindrocladium
spp. e sua
relacao com o crescimento de especies/procedencias de Eucalyptus na
regiao de Tucurui, PA. (An epidemic outbreak of leaf spots caused by Cylindrocladium
spp. and its relationship to the growth of species/provenances of Eucalyptus in the region of Tucurui, PA). T.L. Krugner; I.A. Guerreni; C.G. Auer.
IPEF 43/44: 74-78. (1990)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr43-44/cap11.pdf (in Portuguese)
Fungos termofilos em pilhas de cavacos de Eucalyptus spp. com
auto-aquecimento.
(Thermophilic fungi in self-heated wood chips piles of Eucalyptus
spp.).
C.G. Auer; T.L. Krugner; L.E.G. Barrichelo. IPEF 38: 28-32. (1988)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr38/cap04.pdf (in Portuguese)
Estrutura anatomica e composicao quimica de cavacos de madeira de eucalipto
inoculados com o fungo Thermoascus aurantiacus. (Anatomical structure
and chemical composition of Eucalyptus wood chips inoculated with the
fungus Thermoascus aurantiacus). C.G. Auer; M.P. Ferrari; M. Tomazelli
Filho; L.E.G. Barrichelo. IPEF 37: 45-50. (1987)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr37/cap05.pdf (in Portuguese)
Levantamento de fungos termofilos associados a pilhas de cavacos de Eucalyptus
spp. (Survey of thermophilic fungi associated with of wood chips piles
of Eucalyptus spp.). C.G. Auer. Master Dissertation. ESALQ/USP - University
of Sao Paulo. 98 pp. (1986)
http://celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/
01_Levantamento%20de%20Fungos%20Termofilos.pdf (in Portuguese with summary in English)
Efeito da serapilheira de Eucalyptus grandis no crescimento micelial
de Pisolithus tinctorius em meio de cultura. (Effect of litter of Eucalyptus
grandis in the mycelial growth of Pisolithus tinctorius in culture medium).
C.G. Auer; W. Bettiol. IPEF 32: 49-52. (1986)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr32/cap06.pdf (in Portuguese)
Having
the Floor... The Friends of the Eucalyptus
The Role of Planted Forests for Meeting the Future Demands from World
Society
Article by Rubens Cristiano Damas Garlipp & Celso
Foelkel
1 . Introduction
In the second decade of the twentieth century, forest plantations
began gaining expression and importance due to numerous factors
favorable to them and to users, such as: i) wood obtained with
the homogeneous quality standards required by industrial processes;
ii) significantly higher productivity than native forests; iii)
close location to consumption centers and networks of transportation
and communication, optimizing logistics; iv) the possibility of
better controlling production cycles; v) cost reduction; vi) possibility
to establish them in selected areas with favorable attributes of
climate, soil and good business environment.
Deforestation, in a global level, remains as one of the major concerns
of our time. From 2000 to 2006, they were cleared 13 million hectares
of forests per year, in a worldwide basis. Forest plantations and
the expansion of preserved natural forests have contributed to reduce
the annual loss to 7.3 million hectares in the same period extent,
but a still unacceptable rate. Earth has 3.95 billion hectares of
forests and the world's wood production is 3.5 billion cubic meters
per year, from which, 47% for industrial purposes. Significant and
growing percentage of this production is supplied by plantations.
In this scenario, planted forests assume increasingly roles not only
for wood production, but also for conservation of the natural resources.
In addition of supplying raw materials for various industrial and
non-industrial uses, all present in our day-to-day lives, planted
forests contribute to the supply of various environmental and social
services. They also cooperate to prevent the aggression on natural
resources, reducing the pressure on them because of wood extraction
from native forests. To understand and to optimize the functions
of the planted forests in all of their dimensions is fundamental
for meeting the future demands of society in a sustainable manner.
2.
Planted Forests - World Extent and Distribution
Planted forests occupy 271 million hectares, equivalent to 2% of
Earth's available land and 6.9% of all types of existing forests;
205 million ha (76%) were established on the basis of producing wood
or non-woody products, and 66 million ha (24%) with an exclusive
function of protection/conservation. Planted forests refer both to
the forest plantations of introduced or exotic species, or the forests
of indigenous species established through planting or seeding under
regular spacing and with the same age, as well as the component of
native species planted at semi-natural forests. Forest plantations
account for 140 million hectares (included in the 271 million ha
of planted forests), from which around 110 million ha with functions
of production and about 31 million ha of exclusive functions of protection.
An unique feature of planted forests is their versatility, both in
terms of management, as their objectives: for example, in East Asia,
half of the planted forests fulfills protective functions; in various
locations are designed for recreation.
In recent years, the increase recorded in the area of planted forest
for production, also indicates the recognition of their capacity
to provide social and environmental benefits.
Globally and today, the ownership of planted forests oriented to
production is spread among government's and public institution's
(50%); small individual owners (32%), corporations (17%) and others
(1%). In 1990, 70% of them were owned by public agencies and 12%
by small holders. The ownership of land planted with forests is in
the process of decentralization, mainly in East Asia.
3. The Functions of Planted Forests
The importance of the economic, social and environmental aspects
of the planted forests has been acknowledged in international
forums since the
World Symposium on this specific issue, organized by FAO in Australia
in 1967; and reinforced in the commitments of the UNCED Declaration
of Forest Principles in 1992, in the proposals for actions on sustainable
forest management of the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests, the
Intergovernmental Forum on Forests, the United Nations Forum on Forests
and the UN Millennium Development Goals.
3.1. Wood production
This has been and will remain as being the main function of the planted
forests. The fact of the plantation areas are increasing not only
indicates their selection for economic and operational purposes.
It also indicates, to some extent, the difficulties and the lack
of success in the management of the native forests to supply the
wood demands by population with proper species and at the desired
time.
Campaigns, restrictive policies for commercial access and lack of
investment in the past, brought uncertainty about the future wood
supply from native forests (Salleh, 1997). For many countries or
regions with little or no planted forest cover, deforestation is
being the choice to supply the demanded wood, or as an alternative,
to import forest products. More and more, wood products from planted
forests replace those obtained from native forests, especially those
from tropical forests, as in the case of plywood, flooring and engineered
products with higher added value. Production of firewood and charcoal
from planted forests are also of extreme importance to many countries,
including Brazil, both for domestic use (stoves, fireplaces, etc.),
as well fuel for drying of grains and the supply to steel and pig-iron
manufacturers.
3.1.1. Future demands for wood and required forest area
Annually, the planted forests produce 1.4 billion cubic meters of
wood, supplying over 35% of global consumption. The use of this wood
occurs in sawmills (46%), pulp and paper mills (18%), non-timber
products (16%), bioenergy (6%) and others (13%).
Over the next 20 years, global demand for forest products will be
affected by: i) growth of world population from 6.4 to about 8.2
billion people; ii) increasing of economies at emerging countries
and their share in the global economy from U.S.$ 50 to $ 100 trillion;
iii) changes in people's consumption patterns due to the higher life
expectancy, quality of life improvements and the urbanization process;
iv) transformation of many current sources of native woods in protected
areas, production of environmental services, tourism, recreation,
etc.; v) use of wood as an energy source to partially replace fossil
fuels; vi) improvements of technologies for re-engineered wood products;
vii) use of recycled materials and wastes from production processes;
ix) pressure of consumers for certified products.
In 2030, consumption of roundwood for industrial purposes is expected
to be 2.44 billion cubic meters, an increasing of 45% compared to
the 1.68 billion cubic meters in 2005 (FAO, 2009). This estimate
already considers the growing use of wastes and recycling in the
production of panels and papers. Higher levels of production and
consumption will take place in Europe, North America and Asia. The
amount of biomass for energy demands is also expected to grow nearly
50% by 2030, part of which will be supplied by wood, industrial wastes
and agricultural crops. The percentage of roundwood for energy will
be demanded in the same order of magnitude as for industrial wood.
Planted forests are essential for meeting the major proportion of
the future population needs for wood. It is estimated that by 2030
they will yield about 1.9 billion cubic meters (1.70 to 2.14 billion
cubic meters), representing 75-80% of the world demand for industrial
wood (Carle & Holmgren, 2008). By this time, the area of planted
forests will reach 345 million ha, mostly corresponding to plantations
in South America and Asia, although the latter region is likely to
experience a deficit situation.
The targets for reducing greenhouse gases may increase the demand
for renewable liquid fuel. The production of lignin-cellulosic ethanol
may increase the demand for the wood from planted forests to far
beyond these projections.
The forest world faces the challenge of guaranteeing the fulfillment
of society's future demands for forest products through a new matrix
of supply which is assuming a new configuration, now totally linked
to these demands from society.
3.2. Production of non-wood goods and services
Several species are important in providing non-timber forest products
in various regions of the planet, including extractives, fruits and
seeds.
Examples are: oil palms and rubber-tree plantations in Asia, Africa
and South America; Arabic gum produced from Acacia senegal trees
in Sudan; natural tannins produced from Acacia mearnsii in South
Africa and Brazil, and the cork very commonly extracted in Europe.
We shall also highlight the resins extracted from Pinus, the essential
oils extracted from leaves of Eucalyptus and Corymbia for
the food industry, pharmaceuticals, hygiene and cosmetics products;
also, Cocos nucifera plantations as a source of food for various
populations
and honey production that occurs in partnership between forestry
companies and cooperatives of producers in several regions of Brazil.
Pellets, briquettes and wood chips for energy are becoming important
in the energy matrix of many companies, regions and countries. Likewise,
the expectations are enormous for generation of biofuels (ethanol)
from the hydrolysis and fermentation of wood carbohydrates. Lignin
originated from planted forests also is expected to offer valuable
products to supply the chemical industry, and as an alternative source
of fuel.
3.3. Environmental services
The plantation of forests is by far the most recommended practice
to protect the soil, prevent erosion and preserve water sources.
Natural resources are Mankind heritage and legacy. Forest producers
must preserve natural resources in good condition and their rational
utilization's are a matter of survival for the perpetuity of the
forest-based sector. The contributions to society and the potential
impacts of planted forests depend on the scale and on the operational
practices that are adopted by foresters. It is possible to maximize
the positive effects and to mitigate the negative ones.
3.3.1. Protection and enhancement of biodiversity
Forest plantations should not be established in areas directly converted
from natural forests or natural ecosystems. On degraded, abandoned
or underutilized areas, the planted forests gain great importance
to the protection and enhancement of biodiversity. They also assume
significant role in the recovery of the countryside landscape.
In the tropics, one of the indicators for measuring the functions
of the forest plantations on biodiversity protection is the reduction
of pressures related to demands on goods and services from native
forests and ecosystems. That's because one hectare of planted forest
area may correspond to 20 to 30 ha of native forests in terms of
production. The availability of alternatives and the option to preserve,
to manage native forests or planting new forests depends on public,
sectorial and extra-sectorial policies, as well as on market forces.
Under this view, planted forests may not be enough to do the job,
but they are required for the conservation of native forests (Kanowski,
2005). Plantation forestry in itself is not a condition for absence
of fauna. The impacts on biodiversity depend on the biome and the
previous situation of the region (Vital, 2007). One shall not expect
that plantations would have the same diversity of native forests;
however, they may get closer according to the way and operations
are adopted and implemented, as the well-known concept of forest
management unit, which is understood as "the whole" formed
by the planted stands, the understories and the protected and preserved
natural areas. Strategies and procedures to ensure protection and
enhancement of biodiversity in the landscape and diversification
of the management system are already available. They must be implemented
upon previous environmental planning, oriented towards establishment
of ecological corridors and mosaics, thus enabling connectivity between
these components in order to provide safe habitats for shelter, feeding,
reproduction of wild fauna, gene flow and flora and fauna conservation.
Studies from many years in various regions of the world have found
hundreds of species, including endangered species, in special at
the edges of native forests and plantation forests (Scarano, Rios & Esteves,
1998). In Brazil, the forestry legislation recommends as mandatory
a minimum percentage of conservation areas of natural ecosystems,
in addition to the permanent preservation areas on each rural state.
The planted forest sector maintains preservation rates exceeding
the requirements of legislation: for every one or two hectares that
are planted with productive forests, at least one hectare of natural
ecosystem is kept preserved, or even enriched. It gives a much better
ecological balance, as the greatest biodiversity reduces forests
hazards and the incidence of pests and diseases.
3.3.2. Recovery of degraded and desertified land areas
Deforestation and improper use of agricultural land left an enormous
legacy of degradation in many regions of the world. The planting
of forests in a large scale has proved to be an appropriate activity
to recover these areas. Forest plantations are the most effective
way to mitigate or reverse desertification, a phenomenon which worldwide
affects more than 5 billion hectares and reaches over 25% of the
world in more than 100 countries.
Besides reverting desertification, forest plantations give support
to the production of firewood, non-wood products and people and communities
livelihood and welfare, preventing migratory flows. Countries like
China, India, Pakistan and Mongolia have adopted forest plantations
and agro-forestry with integrated land use systems to prevent land
degradation and desertification and to protect agricultural land.
The Institute of Applied Research at Ben Gurion University followed
the development of 200 species of trees and shrubs planted in the
northeastern region of the city of Beer - Sheva, in Israel. The plants
were grown without any irrigation with an average annual rainfall
of just 200 mm. The researchers have recommended that the 42 most
successful species could be used for erosion control, reforestation,
wind and dust protective barriers. The tests included trees and shrubs,
particularly Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Acacia, Cassia and Prosopis,
originated from Australia, North America, South America, Africa and
Middle East. The genus Eucalyptus, with 70% survival, has produced
more vigorous and better developed trees (Journal of Arid Environments,
2006).
3.3.3. Maintenance of soil fertility
In general, the soils used for establishment of planted forests have
low fertility and often have marginal utilization for the agriculture.
Due to the longer growing cycle, the forests have an absorption rate
of nutrients that is lower than agricultural crops and higher efficiency
on their utilization (Barros et al, 2004). A significant portion
of the nutrients removed by trees from the soil returns during the
growth cycle, due to litter decomposition. In addition, rational
measures of planning, conservation and monitored fertilization contribute
to balance the nutritional needs of the planted forests.
Numerous researches show the beneficial effects of forest plantations
on the properties of the soil, such as aeration, drainage and water
storage. Agricultural crops, in areas previously occupied by Eucalyptus in Portugal and Brazil, have produced more than the average compared
to the same kind of crops in those regions (Feio, 1989 and Aracruz,
2000). On top of the adoption of conservation practices (Curi & Silva,
2006), nutrient cycling (70% from N, K and Ca are stored in the leaves,
bark and branches), the continuous deposition of litter during the
forest cycle form a vital organic matter layer of protection in the
soil surface, reducing the risk of erosion (Mora & Garcia, 2000;
Barros et al., 2004). The longer rotation time of planted forests
results that operational activities are less frequent, which favors
the reduction of soil compaction and helps the recovery of soil microbiology
(Mora & Garcia, 2000). Plantations and forest-based industries
are not itinerant; they renew themselves staying in the same place
for decades and obtaining significant increases in forest yields.
Plantation forests have been recognized long ago
as restorers of the original forest site yield capability and confirmed
by worldwide
researches testing species as Tectona, Gmelina, Terminalia, Eucalyptus and Pinus in Nigeria, India, Brazil, showing the beneficial improvements
in the soil properties (Van Goor, 1985; Adejuwon & Ekanade, 1988;
Kushalappa, 1985; Choubey et al., 1987 cited by Lima, 1993).
3.3.4. Protection of hydrological resources
Protection and improvement of water quality and regulation of hydrological
water flows are important environmental services that planted forests
may offer. Several results of researches and monitoring studies of
watersheds having forest plantations, virtually eliminate most of
the concerns about possible impacts on water availability.
There are scientific references to guide actions for protecting water
resources and to prove that well-managed plantations consume water
very efficiently and do not cause depletion of superficial water
reserves or in the groundwater. The maintenance of water resources
in good quality and quantity is indispensable to sustain the forest
business activity. They should remain in good conditions, as well
the soil in terms of its nutrient fertility. The soil water and the
groundwater regimes are not substantially different from the ones
observed in other types of agricultural crops, or even in other types
of surface land plant covers. To know about forest-water relationships
it is necessary to know the water cycle. The water which falls in
a forest returns to atmosphere by evapotranspiration or hits the
ground and can be stored, evaporated, or to move in laminar flows
on the soil or be leached to groundwater. The water that drains out
from the influence of the planted forest forms the runoff that feeds
the water courses. When there is not a good vegetation covering the
ground, it forms heavy flows or torrential floods, causing sediment
deposition, eutrophication and turbidity of the water courses. Water
consumption should be analyzed in terms of total annual consumption
by forests, and in terms of amount of wood produced per unit weight
of water; i.e. efficiency in the use of water. The water available
for tree growth is coming mainly from the upper soil layer, which
concentrate the thin roots that absorb most of the water and nutrients.
These roots are rarely deep enough to reach the water table. The
interference of forest plantations in the water regime is directly
related to photosynthesis and varies according to climatic conditions
that govern the natural supply or availability in a given region,
topography, soil and leaf area index of the fast growing forest.
In places where rains a lot along the year, with a total rainfall
greater than evapotranspiration, there will be surplus of water.
On the other hand, in places where there is little rain, as in semi-arid
regions, where the evapotranspiration is eventually higher than rainfall,
it will result little or no water to recharge the soil profile and
the aquifers. In these situations, special care must be taken to
plant fast-growing forests. It is on the watersheds levels that should
be concentrated the primary focus of the planted forest management
procedures, since they are the formers and feeders of rivers and
hydrological systems. The runoff decreases as a result of planting
and growth of forests, as well as increases after the harvesting
(as observed in studies in South Africa, New Zealand and India, cited
by Lima & Zakia, 2006). The potential impact will depend on the
prevailing hydrological conditions and the availability of natural
water, as well as the application of sound management practices.
In the forest-water relationship, considerations such as water quality,
sedimentation processes, peak flows and equity of access to the water
resource must include sustainability strategies, because the watersheds
are highly sensitive to management practices or any type of anthropogenic
activity (Lima, 2004). Such a strategy should incorporate the concept
of watershed as the planning unit, considering the integrity of riparian
ecosystems, riparian vegetation that should be protecting the entire
head of drainage, the banks of water streams and other saturate types
of lands throughout the hydrological system. Hydrological systems,
water regimes, photosynthesis, transpiration, evapotranspiration,
water dynamics, operating practices and anthropogenic actions are
factors that are related to the ecoefficiency in the use of water
resources. This broader view of the relationship between forest plantations
and conservation of water resources has already attracted the perception
of society that the issues related to the availability and quality
of water may be improved or made worse by human actions, and practices
on forest management, and not just by the characteristics of one
kind or another of forest. Water scarcity in many countries and regions
is affecting rural and urban areas. Concerns are increasing, as far
population grows and still exists inefficient management at the catchment
basins.
3.3.5. Mitigation of green-house effects
Planted forests are essential to the overall strategy to mitigate
global warming, because they play multiple roles for meeting this
target, especially in the tropics, where they grow faster and therefore
remove more carbon from the atmosphere in shorter spans of time.
Trees immobilize free carbon from the atmosphere (and not the one
fixed in Nature in the forms of coal, oil or derivatives), releasing
oxygen in the process of photosynthesis and storing organic carbon
in forest products during their lifetime. Realistic estimates of
the carbon residence time in forest products contribute to more accurate
inventories of emissions / removals, because contrary to what many
people assume, the fixed carbon does not come back to the atmosphere
as soon as the tree is harvested. For commercial forests, the accounted
carbon removal is independent of the use of wood: even if the wood
is used as a source of renewable energy, it will be contributing
by replacing non-renewable fuel sources. Although afforestation and
reforestation activities are eligible as projects for Land Use, Land-Use
Change and Forestry - LULUCF (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry)
under the CDM - Clean Development Mechanism, the rules are not designed
to stimulate planted forests, reason why the number of these projects
is still small when compared to other CDM activities. The negotiations
that are being taken to draw the new forestry model of post-2012
commitments regarding the Climate should review the conditions that
currently are restricting the opportunities for planted forests in
such process, including: i) recognition of environmental and social
benefits of sustainable forest management; ii) establishing a baseline
and a level of scale compatible with the activity; iii) establishing
periods for credits compatible with the maturation cycles of the
planted forests; iv) recognition of the carbon stored in forest products
as a function of their lifetime; v) elimination of constraints imposed
to the forests planted prior to 1990. Currently, the 271 million
hectares of global planted forests are storing the equivalent of
1.5 Giga tonnes for CO2, plus at least another 0.5 Giga tonne stored
in forest products (Carle & Holmgren, 2008). For developing countries,
owning and applying sustainable forestry technologies, oriented to
high growth rates in forest productivity, it is essential to solve
these limitations. In Brazil, for example, the first release of the
national inventory for emissions and reductions of greenhouse gases
showed that the planted forest sector contributed to mitigate 6%
of the emissions from this industrial sector (MCT, 2004).
3.4. Economic contribution
In many ways, the planted forests contribute to national, regional
and global economies. Although such information is not always disseminated
and disclosed in the forest sector as a whole, it is necessary to
be clear about them to monitor, measure and properly valuing the
advances provided by the forest activity.
3.4.1. Value added to GDP – Gross Domestic Product
In 2006, the economic value added from forestry in a worldwide basis
was U.S.$ 468 billion, corresponding to 1% contribution to the global
GDP. Of those, 25% was generated by timber production, 32% by the
wood processing industry and 43% by the pulp and paper industry.
(FAO, 2009). The production of wood furniture adds another $ 120
billion.
The percent contribution of the forest sector to the GDP varies among
regions (from 0.3% in Central Asia to 1.9% in Latin America and the
Caribbean) and among countries at the same region, as does also the
composition of the added value by the forestry sector. In developed
countries, 80 to 90% of this value is provided by the industries;
in developing countries ranges from 30% in sub-Saharan Africa, up
50% to 70% in Asia Pacific and South America (Lebedys, 2008; FAO,
2008). The rapid growth of forest industries in the 1990's and present
days, in the Asia-Pacific and South America, increased by 70% the
value added by the forestry sector in these regions, where much of
the industries have harvested wood from plantations as raw materials.
Several countries obtain significant contribution of the forestry
sector in their economies, such as Finland (5.7%), Sweden (3.8%),
Brazil (4%), Solomon Islands (16.7%), Liberia (17.7%), among others.
In many of them, the forestry economy is heavily based on planted
forests, including New Zealand (100%), Brazil (68%), Chile (95%),
Uruguay (100%), Finland (25%), having also other important countries
as South Africa, Sweden and others. In economic terms, planting forests
is an attractive activity because there is strong wood demand in
the long run, enabling to obtain multiple products and all this is
very profitable. In Brazil, the gross production value derived from
forest plantations was U.S.$ 28.8 billion in 2008, from which 46%
related to pulp and paper industry, 34% to the wood processing industry
and 20% from
wooden furniture. The tax collection to public treasury
was U.S.$ 4.5 billion, equivalent to 0.83% of all tax collections
of the country in 2008.
3.4.2. Generation of export surplus
International trade of forest products, which handled U.S.$ 330 billion,
accounted for 2.4% of all transactions of products in the global
market in 2006, may reach U.S.$ 700 billion in 2030. Wooden furniture
accounted for an additional $ 54 billion.
The average growth of world trade in forest products during the period
2001 to 2007 was 9% per year, this figure being reduced in 2008 due
to the global economic crisis. At the regional level, exports are
dominated by Western Europe and North America (65%), followed by
Asia-Pacific (15%) and Eastern Europe (10%). Trade occurs with great
force among these regions or among countries in these regions. The
largest contributions to the exports are the pulp and paper (65%),
followed by the wood processing industries (35%). Although significant
for some developing countries and transition economies, exports of
raw timber and non timber are proportionally of minor importance.
Despite the rapid growth that has happened in value in these recent
years, trade in forest products has grown less than the observed
to other commodities. The share of forest products in total exporting
markets has declined in recent years in all regions, except in Latin
America and the Caribbean. There are few exceptions, for example,
Brazil and New Zealand. Asia-Pacific and Latin America countries
have made a substantial transition at their forest sectors: from
previous focus on primary raw timber production and very simple wood
processing to a wider and more diversified line of products in global
market scale (FAO, 2006b). For these countries, the challenge will
be maintained - or even increased -to have strong participation in
the global marketplaces without depletion of their natural resources.
Advantages will be in the countries that are already facing this
challenge with the planting of forests to provide and ensure future
supply of wood. Exports of forest products account for significant
proportion of total earnings obtained in various countries that have
plantation forests, including New Zealand (8.9%), Chile (10%), Uruguay
(6.7%), Brazil (5.0%) Finland (19.5%) and Sweden (11.4%). In Brazil,
exports of processed wooden products from forest plantations accounted
for 20% of the balance of trade surplus, totaling U.S.$ 6.8 billion
in 2008, representing 3% of total exports of the country: pulp and
paper have participated with 86% of these values. The wooden furniture
exports (90% of which have wood from plantations in the composition)
amounted to over U.S.$ 1 billion of foreign earnings.
3.4.3. Generation of jobs
The total number of visible direct jobs in the worldwide forest sector
is around 14 million, distributed in similar proportions between
these three segments: forestry, processing industry, and pulp and
paper, plus another 4 million in the wood furniture industry.
According to FAO (2009), the forestry sector employs 0.4% from global
workforce, a percentage that varies among regions (0.1% in Africa
to 1.4% in Western Europe, for example) and among countries (Finland
3,6%, Latvia 5% , Malaysia 3%, Brazil 1.2%). Part-time, seasonal
and indirect jobs, and those generated due to income-effect and small-scale
industries are not included on these statistics. In developing countries,
the activities at forests employ more than at industries. Labor productivity
increased by 40% in the past 16 years and continues to grow. Each
region shows different trends and patterns as decline, stability,
or increase, for various reasons, as the decline in forest production,
increasing imports and others. In Western Europe there was a 25%
increasing in labor productivity due to the mechanization; in Eastern
Europe there was a decrease of 35% over the same period, due to the
restructuring of their economies in transition. The multiplier effect
in job generation due to forestry continues to grow. In 1990, each
job in the forest was generating 1.1 jobs in the processing industry
and 0.8 in the pulp and paper industry. In 2006, the ratio rose to
1:1.4:1.1. Globally, one person was employed per 1,000 hectares of
forests (natural and planted, as a whole) and this job has generated
two jobs in other related industries. This proportion varies from
region to region, and there is a relationship of six jobs in the
wood processing industry for each job unit in the forests in North
America, and 2:1 in developing countries. In many countries, the
effect of productivity growth was balanced by increased production
and new opportunities generated by the expansion of forest plantations,
which favored the maintenance of more stable jobs. In other countries,
the stability was due to the slower rate of development in the forestry
sector. Latin America and the Caribbean are the only regions where
the forestry sector has grown steadily in the three sub-sectors due
to increased production, availability of resources and rapid economic
growth. The world average yield is 500 m³ per employee; in North
America is 4,700 m³; in Latin America is 1,400 m³; Africa
is 250m³; and in developing Asia is just 150 cubic meters per
employee. Forestry practices and the conditions of natural forests
are very different, reasons why the comparisons are meaningless.
As the yields are measured in harvested wood volume per worker, in
places with many plantations of high productivity, the results will
be quite different compared to operations in natural forests. Planted
forests are major generators of jobs throughout the supply chain.
In the rural areas, depending on topography and operational techniques,
are generated from 2 to 7 direct jobs for every 100 ha of effective
plantations. In Brazil, the indirect employment and the jobs due
to income-effects from forestry are multiplied by 7. When considering
the jobs generated throughout the supply chains (wood processing,
steel, furniture and pulp and paper), there is a relation of 77 jobs
per 100 ha of effective forest planting. As important as the generation
of jobs in itself is the creation of sustainable jobs, not seasonal,
and the quality of these jobs. This is quite often in the scheme
of forest plantations with sustainable forest management. According
to data from the BNDES - Brazilian National Bank of Economic and
Social Development, in 2007, the industrial sectors based on forest
plantations in Brazil were reported as some of the main generators
of jobs per unit of invested capital.
3.5. Social contribution
The ways of the social contribution due to planted forests, at the
national or local levels, vary depending on the economic, environmental,
social and cultural aspects of each region.
3.5.1. Poverty reduction and social inclusion
Planted forests play an important role in mitigating or reducing
poverty, both in developing countries, as well in areas of developed
countries where there are groups excluded from the benefits of the
development processes. More than other sectors, forest plantations
have the potential to provide sustainable livelihoods, generate opportunities
for communities and to local entrepreneurs and to empower the poor
and needy people (UNFF, 2003).
Established on degraded or abandoned land, forest plantations create
new jobs; and their good governance, planning and management benefit
rural populations (Elliot, 2003). Forest plantations are known by
pioneering the application of models of development in less favored
regions, often far from urban centers and with severe lacks on infrastructure
(Villela Filho, 2006). In developing countries, the companies have
always provided facilities and equipments to hospitals, schools,
training centers and helped the organization of cooperatives for
producers and services providers, preventing migration of the rural
man to the cities. Infrastructure, when absent or weak, is a barrier
to economic growth, making it more difficult and burdening the flow
of production and the market access, demanding investments in partnerships,
including the forest companies. Poverty reduction and social inclusion
should not be understood as just the provision of jobs. They also
demand the support for education, housing, culture, sanitation, health,
training, recreation and community actions not in paternalist ways,
but in partnership with local communities, NGOs and government entities.
Corporate social responsibility is increasingly required as a market
mechanism and it will continue to grow in importance in the private
sector agenda. Companies and business representative bodies have
already made commitments, developed codes of behavior, implemented
sustainable forest management standards, all covering social and
environmental aspects. Organizations or planted forest producers
that do not prepare themselves will soon be deleted from the markets.
In many countries, social action programs and partnerships with communities
in the areas of influence of forest projects have resulted in significant
improvements for needy people. In Brazil, for example, it is estimated
that in 2008 about 990 municipalities have been assisted by social
inclusion programs promoted by forestry companies, benefiting over
2 million people.
3.5.2. Inclusion of small and medium size rural farmers
It is necessary to ensure the inclusion of small and medium sized
forest producers in the forestry business. Differently as that occurs
in Europe and North America, where there are 25 million commercial
forests owning families, the model of industrial-scale forest plantations
in southern hemisphere caused concentration of areas owned by large
companies in various regions, inhibiting the possibility of greater
participation of small and medium-sized rural owners in the process
of wood production. Plantation forestry can also develop agro-forestry
in small rural farms, which are directly related to family farming.
In addition to the functions of providing safety, technology management,
economic, environmental and social benefits, the forestry model may
generate concentration of power, and this fact leads to conflicts
and reactions from some segments of society. However, this concentration
model is changing. Alternatives of partnerships for wood production
and supply by independent producers, and by investment funds (TIMO's)
are gaining importance to the expansion of plantation forests in
several countries. Forest fostering is practiced in Brazil by companies,
resulting in thousands of farmers in more than 500,000 hectares of
planted land, and the independent initiatives for planting forests
by thousands of farmers have been important to the sector's growth
and sustainability of the rural environment. All these facts are
contributing to the environmental suitability of the rural estate,
since forestry occupies idle areas, helps setting the man on countryside
and generates additional income for families, estimated to be in
the range of U.S.$ 40 to $ 70/ha.month. For the industry, this new
model is favorable since: provides an additional source of raw material,
representing less immobilization of capital in land and machinery;
promotes greater integration with the community and society; reduces
the pressure on natural resources; encourages new business developments
in the region. Over the past six years, the annual area of plantation
on hands of rural producers in various stages of development has
grown from 8 to 25%. This model always includes partnerships with
universities, public agencies, extension service providers, NGOs
and communities. This change in forest production model involves
new paradigms such as: i) encouraging the multiple use of forest
products to obtain not just wood for fiber or biomass energy, but
also forests oriented to sawmills, resins and other products; ii)
operational changes from large-scale forestry to small-scale; iii)
technology transfer to rural producers to ensure excellent indexes
of quality and productivity provided by the technological packages
developed by the state-of-art companies; iv) adequacy of forest plantation
technologies to the regional situation and farm land profile, combining
with agro-forestry systems and/or formation of forest stands without
abandoning the traditional agriculture to enable the rural producer
combining agricultural and silvicultural activities; v) strengthening
of the forestry business, through support from the initial stage
of planting until the time of forest harvesting and wood sales, including
compatible lines of credit, technical assistance and improvements
on market information; vi) support for forest certification in the
cases of small and medium-sized forest producers (Garlipp, 2006).
3.5.3. Energizing and diversification of local economies
Many times, society is unaware of the forest supply chains and their
ability to stimulate local economies. Programs for large-scale forest
plantations, like any other economic activity, have the potential
to modify the structure and behavior(s) of the community(ies) where
they are inserted/located.
At the same time it is required to ensure access and customary rights
of ownership or land use for the traditional population, planted
forests and the industries associated with them are agents for changes.
This fact may lead to different livelihood opportunities or constraints,
favoring some and disfavoring others (Kanowski, 2005). The diversification
of local economies backed by planted forests is a reality and should
be encouraged. The multiple products of these forests provide integration
with other areas in the agribusiness and foster the emergence of
new industries and service activities. They allow, therefore, to
focus the forest management in adding value to the forest, to the
tree and to timber. This makes possible to customize the forest products
to several end-uses in different productive chain links (Balloni,
2006). In Brazil, there are several wood clusters derived from planted
forests which have been established surrounding some anchor companies
or pulp and paper mills. These clusters are fueled by wood suppliers,
producers and/or consumers, encouraged by these companies and some
of them are converted into independent producers of forests. Manufacturing
industries of competitive products with higher added value, such
as window frames, moldings, panels, doors, floors and furniture have
emerged, which intensify the synergy of a number of companies that
supply parts, components, materials and providing services. With
the expansion of planted forests, these forest clusters will be expanded
or new clusters are to emerge. For leveraging al this, the clusters
need to incorporate new technical, economic, environmental and social
developments. To enhance clusters and allowing them to add these
knowledge's, it is required to value the chain teaching-researching-extension-production
(Stape, 2008). The vertical integration of activities based on planted
forests contributes to the welfare and improvement of the living
conditions for the local populations. This has been observed by strong
improvements in the HDI - Human Development Indexes, being superior
than the ones recorded in other municipalities with economies based
in other kind of activities (Smith, 2009; SBS, 2008; ABRAF Yearbook,
2009). The income component of the HDI is directly influenced by
the forest sector in the short-term, showing positive effects in
boosting the economies of these municipalities and in improving the
people's quality of life. In the long term, the effects will be resulting
in better income distribution and access to services of social infrastructure.
4. Final Remarks
Planted forests are not just efficient production units of raw materials.
They are living collections of elements in constant dynamic interaction
with the biotic and abiotic resources. They should perform, as well,
economic, environmental and social functions, without opposing the
principles of sustainability.
The context in which planted forests are inserted and their benefits
in response to local conditions will be different, depending on the
proposed objectives to them. It should not be expected that planted
forests will conceptually replace the functions of native forests,
but they should be considered renewable supply of goods and services
demanded by society on an increasing scale and at global level. These
services may even have broadly environmental aspects, such as forest
protection, fauna sheltering, windbreaks or protection against desertification.
The scientific researches that provided amazing improvements in productivity
and product quality from planted forests, including biotechnology
and agro-forestry, allied to the management practices, should be
strengthened to respond to these new demands, and to help solving
the possible new paradigms regarding the provision of social benefits
and environmental services, side-by-side to the new production models.
Technological development of forestry plantations with native tree
species will be strongly demanded by both companies that are currently
accessing natural forests, and by small and medium-sized producers
to whom it is important to have diversification of species in their
agri-businesses.
Eco-physiological models and Precision Forestry - as today adopted
by several forest companies - are available to integrate this novel
way of doing things regarding the productive functions of forest
to support the capacity of the environment.
Due to these new economic, environmental, social and cultural dimensions,
planted forests will have management systems tailored to balance
such demands.
The expansion of forest plantations is to occur mainly in tropical
countries, due to their comparative advantages. There, one can already
notice changes on the institutional investors such the growth of
TIMOs, REITs and others. To these new players, they will also be
demanded management attitudes that value these socio-environmental
concepts and other services, not only the economic purposes.
The wood has significant energy efficiency advantage over many other
materials where the costs to Nature are 10 to 200 times larger. Planted
forests are renewable resources, enabling the production of reusable
and recyclable products.
The environmental service markets for planted forests are not yet
well-structured, although they are potentially very large, not only
with respect to carbon sequestration, as well as for ecotourism,
recreation, watershed protection, restoring of landscapes, rehabilitation
of degraded areas, and mitigation of temperature and pollution in "the
islands of heat", that have been converted the major metropolitan
cities.
The industries based on forest plantations, which in their development
paths have exceeded challenges, innovated their production processes,
promoted the multiple use of wood, invested on cutting edge technologies
and pioneered the adoption of sustainable forest management, must
seek new models of sustainability to give concrete answers to solve
the new challenges that will arise.
Planted forests are a legitimate form of land use and in many countries
and regions, are vital options for production and/or environmental
protection. Although occupying only 2% of Earth's land, in some locations
they are bringing conflicts of interest that need to be addressed
through participatory groups with legitimate representation. The
engagement of all stakeholders to promote the proper management of
planted forests will strengthen and enhance the activity.
It should be clear to everyone that any intensive activity will generate
impacts, even when dealing with natural or planted forests. However,
these impacts can be minimized, when adverse, and maximized when
positive. Moreover, there is always the need to seek for a balance
between the economic demands of society and the environmental, social,
cultural and anthropological issues. Therefore, dialogue among stakeholders
will grow in importance in the processes of decision making on forestry,
from now onwards.
Legal or certified timber is a global concern and will be required,
even in domestic markets, which occurs in various countries through
public and private organization procurement policies. Planted forests,
by themselves, are effective instruments to control and discourage
the production and trade of illegal timber.
Independent certification of sustainable forest management and other
voluntary mechanisms for evidence of corporate responsibility (ecolabels,
certificates of environmental management, corporate social responsibility,
health and safety at workplace, etc.) should grow as instruments
of access to green markets and qualifying the planted forests in
attendance of their socio-economic and environmental requirements.
In several countries, more than half of the forest plantations are
certified; in others, almost all are certified. It is estimated that
in 2020, approximately 80% of all industrial wood coming from forest
plantations will be certified.
Also, industrial products from certified
forests (paper, pulp, panels, etc.) will find new other volunteer
systems to prove their environmental suitability along their life
cycle, including those recognized as very effective environmental
instruments, such the type I ecolabels.
It is necessary to establish an environment for synergy and international
understanding that may favor the use the planted forests as a vital
strategy and as a vector of sustainable development to overcome the
challenges and meeting the future demands of the world society.
5. Literature References and Suggestions for Reading
ABRAF - Brazilian Association of the Plantation Forest Producers. Anuario
Estatistico ABRAF 2009 - Ano base 2008. (2009 Statistical
Yearbook - Base Year 2008). 129 pp. (2009)
http://www.abraflor.org.br/estatisticas/ABRAF09-BR.pdf (in
Portuguese)
http://www.abraflor.org.br/estatisticas/ABRAF09-EN.pdf (in
English)
Adejuwon, J.O.; Ekanade, O. Soil Changes Consequent upon the Replacement
of Tropical Rainforest by Plantations of Gmelina arborea, Tectona
grandis and Terminalia superba. Journal of World Forest Resource
Management 1(4):47-59. (1988)
Aracruz Celulose S.A. Eucalipto: Uma Arvore Amiga da Natureza. (Eucalyptus: a Friend of Nature's Tree). 34 pp. (2000)
Aracruz Celulose S.A. Eucalipto e Meio Ambiente em Tempos
de Aquecimento Global. (Eucalyptus and Environment in the Global Warming Age). 39
pp. (2008)
http://www.aracruz.com.br/eucalipto/pt/download/eucalipto_meioAmbiente.pdf (in Portuguese)
Balloni, E.A. A Floresta Plantada como Agente de Desenvolvimento
Economico–Social. (Plantation Forest as Agent of Economic and
Social Development). Revista Opinioes (Sep-Nov): 36-37. (2006)
http://www.revistaopinioes.com.br/cp/materia.php?id=361 (in Portuguese)
Barros, N.F. et all. Plantacoes de Eucalipto e Fertilidade
do Solo.
(Eucalyptus Plantations and Soil Fertility). Brazilian Society of
Soil Science. Boletim n.1: 13-17. (2004)
Carle, J.; Holmgren, P. Wood from Planted Forests: a Global
Outlook 2005-2030. Forest Products Journal 58(12): 06-18. (2008)
http://www.forestprod.org/dec08-f.pdf (in English)
Choubey, O.P.; Prasad, R.; Mishra,G.P. Studies of the Soils
under Teak Plantations and Natural Forests of Madhyia Pradesh. Journal
of Tropical Forestry 3(3): 235-238. (1987)
Curi, N.; Silva, M.L.N. Conservacao do Solo e da Agua em
Florestas Plantadas de Eucalipto. (Soil and Water Conservation in Eucalyptus Planted Forests). Revista Opinioes (Mar-May): 30. (2006)
http://www.revistaopinioes.com.br/cp/materia.php?id=424 (in Portuguese)
Dyck, B. Benefits of Planted Forests: Social, Ecological
and Economic. Report of The UNFF International Experts Meeting on
The Role of Planted
Forests in Sustainable Forest Management. UNFF - United Nations Forum
on Forests. New Zealand. (2003)
http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/unff-planted-forestry-
meeting/conference-papers/benefits-of-planted-forests.htm (in English)
Elliot. C. WWF Vision for Planted Forests. UNFF - United Nations
Forum on Forests - Intersessional Experts Meeting, New Zealand. (2003)
http://www.maf.govt.nz/mafnet/unff-planted-forestry
-meeting/conference-papers/www-vision-for-planted-forests.htm (in English)
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. Global Planted Forests
Thematic Study: Results and Analysis. A. Del Lungo; J.Ball; J. Carle. Planted
Forests and Trees. Working Paper FP38E. 178 pp. (2006a)
http://www.fao.org/forestry/12139-03441d093f070ea7d7c4e3ec3f306507.pdf (in English)
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. Contribution of
the Forestry Sector to National Economies, 1996 – 2006. Working Paper: FSFM/HCC/08.
180 pp. (2006b)
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/k4588e/k4588e00.pdf (in English)
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. State of the World´s
Forests 2009. FAO Roma. 168 pp. (2009)
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/011/i0350e/i0350e.pdf (in English)
FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. Responsible Management
of Planted Forests: Voluntary Guidelines. Working Document No.37/S.
84 pp. (2006)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9256e/j9256e00.htm (in
English)
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9256e/j9256e00.pdf (in
English)
ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9256s/j9256s00.pdf (in
Spanish)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j9256s/j9256s00.HTM (in
Spanish)
Feio,
M. A Reconversao da Agricultura e a Problematica do Eucalipto. (The Agriculture Reconversion
and the Eucalyptus Problem). Central
Association of Portuguese Agriculture. Lisbon. 166 pp. (1989)
http://opac.iefp.pt/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=12Y3C6233664U.3569312
&
profile=crc&uri=link=3100027~!95040~!3100024~!3100022&aspect=
basic_search&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!formei&term=A+reconvers%C3%A3o+
da+agricultura+e++a+problem%C3%A1tica+do+eucalipto&index=ALTITLE#focus (in
Portuguese)
Foelkel, C. A Nova Floresta Plantada (ou A Floresta do Futuro). (The
New Planted Forest - or the Forest of the Future). Grau Celsius website.
08 pp. (1992)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/31%20final.doc (in Portuguese)
Garlipp, R.C.D. Mecanismo Estrategico e de Novas Oportunidades. (Strategic
Mechanism and New Opportunities). Revista Opinioes (Jun-Aug). (2006)
http://www.revistaopinioes.com.br/cp/materia.php?id=385 (in Portuguese)
Garlipp, R. Gestao Sustentavel para os Grandes Consumidores
de Produtos de Origem Florestal. (Sustainable Management for the Major Consumers
of Forest-Origin Products). IV Madeira 2008 - International Conference
on Sustainable Economic Development of the Forest-Based and Power
Generation Industries. Porto Alegre/RS. PowerPoint presentation:
46 slides. (2008)
http://www.abraflor.org.br/documentos/madeira2008/12.pdf (in
Portuguese)
Garlipp, R.; Foelkel, C. Las Funciones de los Bosques Plantados
Hacia las Futuras Demandas de la Sociedad. (The Role of Planted Forests
for Meeting the Future Demands from World Society). XIII World Forestry
Congress. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization. PowerPoint presentation:
30 slides. (2009)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/Arquivo%2013_
Fun%E7%F5es%20bosques%20plantados_Palestra_CFM%20FAO%202009.pdf (in Spanish)
Jornal de Ambientes Aridos. (Journal of Arid Environments). Ben Gurion
University of the Negev. (2006)
Kanowski, P. Intensively Managed Planted Forests. The Forests Dialogue.
08 pp.(2005)
http://environment.yale.edu/tfd/uploads/Kanowski_TFD_Background_Paper.pdf
(in English)
Kushalappa, K.A. Nutrient Status In Eucalyptus Hybrid
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(2006)
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Lima, W.P. Impacto Ambiental do Eucalipto. (The Environmental Impact
of the Eucalyptus). EDUSP. 301 pp. (1993)
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frontcover&dq=Impacto+Ambiental+do+Eucalipto.&source=bl&ots=
FJ7Alb-qfV&sig=InP_k8qQzZcmyv2r11wYmreWP7k&hl=pt-BR&ei=
izcaTc6zK8O88gadoYTGBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=
3&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=false (in Portuguese)
Lima, W.P. O Eucalipto Seca o Solo? (Does Eucalyptus Dry the Soil?).
Information Bulletin of the Brazilian Society of Soil Science 29(1):
13-17. (2004)
http://www.ipef.br/hidrologia/eucaliptosecaosolo.asp (in Portuguese)
Lima, W.P.; Zakia, M.J.B. As Florestas Plantadas e a Agua. (The Planted
Forests and the Water). RiMa Editora. 218 pp. (2006)
http://www.livrariarima.com.br/Default.asp?Menu=ProdutoDetalhes&ProdutoID=53192 (in Portuguese)
Silva, M. Mudando o Perfil da Silvicultura. (Changing the Silviculture
Profile). Revista Opinioes (Aug-Oct). (2005)
http://www.revistaopinioes.com.br/cp/materia.php?id=461 (in Portuguese)
MCT
- Ministry of Science and Technology - Brazil. Comunicacao
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Eucalyptus
Online Book & Newsletter are technical information
texts written and made available free of charge to all people involved
with the forestry and utilization of the Eucalyptus.
Technical coordination - Celso Foelkel
celso@celso-foelkel.com.br
Webmaster / editing - Alessandra Foelkel
Celsius Degree: Phone (+55-51) 3338-4809
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