Editorial
Dear friends,
Here
we are again, with the 11th issue of our Eucalyptus
Newsletter, hoping to provide you valuable information
about our eucalyptus friends. In this issue, we are again bringing
a lot of information
and knowledge. I hope you enjoy them.
In
the section "The Friends
of the Eucalyptus" we are telling
the professional life, scientific production, and career of one of
the world's most renowned expert on agroforestry and short rotation
crops for energy generation: our dear friend Dr. Laercio
Couto. Laercio
is a friend of mine for over 30 years. For this reason, I know very
well his outstanding skills and qualification to generate fresh knowledge
in sciences related to the practical utilization of the eucalyptus.
I'm very proud and happy to have had the chance to introduce him to
you. Moreover, since Laercio and his research team are responsible
for the great majority of the publications in Brazil related to agroforestry
and energy generation based on eucalyptus, you are to have an excellent
information bank about these two very important subjects in forestry: "Agroforestry
with Eucalyptus" and "Eucalyptus
short rotation crops for energy generation".
Since
I have observed a great interest from our readers about photos of
the eucalyptus, I've this time decided
to bring a special section
offering to you the possibility to find great pictures about these
magic trees, flowers, forests and ecosystems of the eucalyptus: "Eucalyptus
Photo Gallery". One place I strongly recommend for watching
nice photos is our website www.celso-foelkel.com.br. When talking
about
photos, we have immediate association with drawings. A couple of
months ago, I decided to create, taking advantage of the talent of
my two
daughters Alessandra and Ester, the online booklet "A
Field Guide to the Eucalyptus and Plantation Forest Trees". I'm sure
that you are to like their art. Have a glimpse and see Alessandra's
and
Ester's work.
In
this issue, we are also bringing to you the sixth chapter of our
Eucalyptus Online Book. The title of this chapter
(only in Portuguese
till now) is: "Eco-efficiency
in managing pulp fiber losses and paper broke generation". We are also introducing to you
the number 04 chapter in English, titled "Vessel
elements and eucalyptus pulps". The English translations for chapters
05 and 06 are on the way, please, be patient and wait a little
more.
The
mini-article in this edition deals with the water consumption by
the eucalyptus forest plantations: "Eucalyptus
planted forests and water consumption". It is
a very controversial issue, and there are many references in the
literature about it.
In a near future,
I intend to cover more deeply this subject in a chapter of the
Eucalyptus Online Book.
As
you may notice, I'm placing a lot of efforts in environmental issues.
This is a key point nowadays.
I hope to be bringing my
contribution to the forestry and pulp and paper segments. I'm
being quite strong
and positive on this. My purpose is that the eucalyptus pulp
and paper
production continues to grow in an environmentally sound way
in the direction of the dreamed sustainability.
As we are used to do, in this newsletter issue, we are bringing a
lot of interesting subjects about the eucalyptus. The purpose is to
offer knowledge in a way that you may learn more, and to enjoy doing
such. For this, we are forcing you, in some extent, to navigate the
web to grab as much on good information as possible. We also offer
good articles, and recommendations of books and interesting events.
In
case you are not registered yet to receive free-of-charge the Eucalyptus
Newsletter and the chapters of the Eucalyptus Online Book, I suggest
you to do it through the following link: Click
here for registration.
We
have now several non financial supporting partners to the Eucalyptus
Online Book & Newsletter: TAPPI, IPEF, SIF, CeluloseOnline, CETCEP/SENAI,
RIADICYP, TECNICELPA, ATCP Chile, Appita, CENPAPEL, TAPPSA, SBS.
They are helping to disseminate our efforts in favor of the eucalyptus
in
countries as Brazil, USA, Chile, Portugal, Colombia, Argentina, Australia,
New Zealand and South Africa. However, thanks to the world wide web,
in reality they are helping to promote our project to the entire
world.
Thanks
very much to our partners for believing in what we are doing. Know
more about all of our today’s partners at the
URL address: http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/partners.html
Thanks
again for the support to our work. I beg your help to inform about
and to promote our project to your friends , in case you feel
these publications may be helpful to them. Please, accept my personal
thanks, and also the gratitude from ABTCP, BOTNIA, ARACRUZ and
partners.
Our
best wishes to all of you, and please enjoy your reading.
Celso Foelkel
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br
http://www.abtcp.org.br
In
this edition
Eucalyptus
Online Book Chapter 6 (in Portuguese)
Eucalyptus
Online Book Chapter 4 (in English)
Online
Technical References
References
on Events and Courses
Online
Technical Journals
Euca-Links
Eucalyptus
Photo Gallery
A
Field Guide to the Eucalyptus and Plantation Forest Trees
The
Friends of the Eucalyptus - Dr. Laercio Couto
Technical
mini-article by Celso Foelkel
Eucalyptus
planted forests and water consumption
Eucalyptus
Online Book Chapter 6 (in Portuguese)
For downloading
the chapter (in Adobe pdf - 8.8 MB) just click the name of the chapter.
In case you do not have the Adobe Reader installed in your computer,
please visit http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/available.html and find the
instructions how to get it.
"Eco-efficiency
in managing pulp fiber losses and paper broke generation"
Eucalyptus
Online Book Chapter 4 (in English)
For downloading
the chapter (in Adobe pdf - 9.8 MB) just click the name of the chapter.
In case you do not have the Adobe Reader installed in your computer,
please visit http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/available.html and find the
instructions how to get it.
"VESSEL
ELEMENTS AND EUCALYPTUS PULPS"
Online
Technical References
In
this section, we are offering some very good euca-links with relevant
publications available in the virtual world wide web library. You
have only to click the URLs addresses to open the documents and/or
to save them. Since they are references, we are not responsible for
the opinion of the corresponding authors. However, believe me, they
are valuable references that should be watched carefully, since they
are very much connected with the eucalyptus. In this section, we
are trying to balance recent and historical publications, those that
are helping to build the foundations and the history of the eucalyptus
forestry, environment, industrial utilization, and many other areas
related to these magic trees.
Online book about biomass for energy (Portuguese)
Biomassa para Energia (Biomass for Energy). A virtual book edited and coordinated
by Luis Augusto Barbosa Cortez and Electo Silva Lora. A creation through the
State University of Campinas.
http://www.feagri.unicamp.br/energia/biomassaenergia
Technical
articles about Eucalyptus urophylla and E.cloeziana (Portuguese)
Os Germoplasmas dos Eucalyptus urophylla e E.cloeziana no Brasil (The Germoplasms
of Eucalyptus urophylla and E.cloeziana in Brazil). Two articles written by
Vicente P.G. Moura and published through EMBRAPA Brazil (2003 and 2004)
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/cot102.pdf
http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/cot111.pdf
Online
book collection about the forests and their ecosystems (Portuguese)
This is a masterpiece of magnificent books about the forests and their ecological
relationships. Edited and published by AFUBRA - The Brazilian Association
of Tobacco Producers. These books were written with the support from the
Federal
University of Santa Maria, with a deep involvement of professors Dr. Mauro
Schumacher and Dr. Juarez Hoppe. We have here the books, all in Portuguese,
totally available
for downloading. Something unique. My strong recommendation to have a look.
A Floresta e a Agua (The Forest and the Water)
A Floresta e o Ar (The Forest and the Air)
A Floresta e o Solo (The Forest and the Soil)
A Floresta e os Animais (The Forest and the Animals)
A Complexidade dos Ecossistemas (The Complexity of the Ecosystems)
Go to visit them at:
http://www.afubra.com.br/principal.php?acao=conteudo&u_id=2&i_id=1&menus_site_id=38
Hand-outs
about forestry (Portuguese)
It consists of a series of several hand-outs about relevant issues
of the forest science: forest pests, tree breeding, forest soils,
revitalization of degraded
areas, etc. They are brought to you thanks the Federal University of Mato
Grosso, through the PET program (Program for Tutorial Education on Forest
Engineering).
http://www.ufmt.br/petfloresta/apost.htm
Glossary on printing technology (Portuguese)
Glossario Grafico da Rossi Tecnologia Grafica ( Glossary on Printing Technology)
http://www.rossigraf.com.br/id230.htm
Proceedings
of a congress about forest genetics (English)
Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in the Age of Genomics. Event sponsored
by IUFRO - International Union of Forest Research Organizations, in 2004,
490 pages
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/feop/Agenda2004/iufro_genetics2004/proceedings.pdf
A
WWF vision about the forest based industry in the 21st century (English)
The Forest Industry in the 21st Century. A publication by WWF - World
Wide Fund for Nature, United Kingdom, about the fulfillment of Agenda
21 by the forest
industry. A 24 pages report.
http://www.wwf.org.uk/filelibrary/pdf/forestind21century.pdf
Article
about foreign investments is Brazil on the pulp and paper sector
and their commitments to environmental sustainability (English)
Does Foreign Direct Investment Work for Sustainable Development?
A Case Study of the Brazilian Pulp and Paper Industry. The authors
are Sueila
dos Santos
Rocha and Luciana Togeiro de Almeida. March 2007. 23 pages
http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/Pubs/rp/DP08TogeiroRochaMarch07.pdf
A report about forest science and technology in Brazil (Portuguese)
Ciencia e Tecnologia no Setor Florestal Brasileiro (Science and Technology
in the Brazilian Forestry Sector). The report was the result
of a working group coordinated by IPEF - Institute of Forest Studies and Research.
Edited
in 2002.
187 pages
http://www.ipef.br/mct/final.pdf
A
training course on pulp and paper (English)
Multi Media Inspector Training. Pulp and Paper Sector. A basic course
about fundamentals of the pulp and paper manufacturing processes.
A
realization by the TreeO Center
from University of Florida. 2005. 43 pages
http://www.treeo.ufl.edu/docs/pdf/PulpAndPaperSectorPre-CourseMaterial.pdf
Hand-outs
of applied silviculture (Portuguese)
Silvicultura Aplicada (Applied silviculture). Hand-outs of the Federal
University of Santa Maria, coordinated by the professors and forest
engineers Dr. Mauro Schumacher, Francine Calil, Hamilton Vogel. Released
on
2005.
120 pages
http://coralx.ufsm.br/labeflo/ensino/graduacao/silvicultura/apostila_silvicultura_aplicada.pdf
New
Zealander virtual book about acacia, cypress and eucalyptus (English)
Special Purpose Timber Species. A joint publication by the New Zealand
Ministry of Forestry and the New Zealand Forest Research Institute.
1995. 69 pages
http://www.fsanz.co.nz/forestry/publications/SpecialPurposefinal.pdf
Hand-outs
about techniques for forest management (Portuguese)
Tecnicas Quantitativas para a Gestao de Florestas Plantadas (Quantitative
Techniques for Planted Forests Management). The author is the
professor at ESALQ/USP Dr. Luiz Carlos Estraviz Rodrigues. 2005. 106 pages
http://lmq.esalq.usp.br/~lcer/lcf586/LCF586_Apostila.pdf
A
book commenting the growth of the plantation forests and the pulp
and paper
industry in the South Hemisphere (English)
Pulping the South. Industrial Tree Plantation in
the World Paper Economy. Famous and controversial
book
written by
Ricardo Carrere
and Larry Lohmann,
in 1996
and published with the support from the World Rainforest
Movement. 208 pages
http://www.wrm.org.uy/plantations/material/PulpingSouth.pdf
A
virtual book about pruning the eucalyptus trees (English)
Pruning Eucalyptus. The Biology and Silviculture of Clear Wood Production
in Planted Eucalypts. A publication by the RIRDC/Land & Water/Australia,
written by Kelvin Montagu, Dean Kearney and Geoff Smith. 2003.
42 pages
http://www.rirdc.gov.au/reports/AFT/02-152.pdf
A
PhD thesis about the competitiveness of the Brazilian pulp industry
and the
quality of the workers labor (Portuguese)
Globalizacao, Estrategias Gerenciais e Trabalhadores
: um Estudo Comparativo da Industria Brasileira
de Celulose (Globalization,
Management Strategies
and Workers: a Comparative Study of the Brazilian
Pulp Industry). PhD thesis by
Glicia Vieira dos Santos, presented to UNICAMP
- State University of Campinas. 2005.
453 pages
http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000350099
http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?view=vtls000350099
A
book about plantation forests and sustainability (English)
Paper Farming: the Role of Plantations in the Sustainable Paper Cycle.
A report by IIED - International Institute for Environment
and Development, as one of the many reports generated during the study "Sustainable Paper Cycle".
This was a research supported by the WBCSD - World Business
Council for Sustainable Development. The report about plantation forests
was written in
1996 by Stephen
Bass, Ruth Nussbaum, Hugh Speechly, Elaine Morrison. 132 pages
http://www.iied.org/pubs/pdf/full/8066IIED.pdf
References
on Events and Courses
Forum 2005 ANAVE (Portuguese or English)
A traditional event organized every year by ANAVE, a Brazilian association
of the commercial people in the pulp and paper segment. The forum consists
of speeches and debates about competitiveness and marketing strategies
for pulp and paper products.
http://www.anave.org.br/index.php?option=com_docman&Itemid=114&task=
view_category&catid=90&order=dmdate_published&ascdesc=DESC
2007
TAPPI Papermakers & PIMA International Leadership Conference
(English)
An important event organized by two of the most important American
associations in the pulp and paper industry. The technical section
covered paper machine optimization issues (coordination by TAPPI -
The Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry). The management
section was very widely covered, coordination by PIMA - Paper Industry
Management Association.
ttp://www.tappiandpima.org/PIMAtechproc.htm
2006 IUFRO Forest Plantations
Meeting (English)
A meeting organized by IUFRO - International Union of Forest Research
Organizations, in Charleston/USA. 2006
http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/feop/Agenda2006/
iufro_plantations/proceedings/summary.html
Madeira
2006 (Portuguese)
It corresponds to the 3rd Brazilian Congress for the Sustainable
Development of the Forest Based Industry and to the Generation of
Energy. This
event had the support from ABRAF - The Brazilian Association of
Planted Forest Producers.
http://www.abraflor.org.br/eventos/madeira2006.asp
Wood and Cellulose:
Building Blocks for Chemicals, Fuels and Advanced Materials (English)
This event happened in the year 2000 in Syracuse/NY, with the coordination
of the State University of New York College of Environmental Science
and Forestry.
http://www.abraflor.org.br/eventos/madeira2006.asp
Seminar Myth and
Realities about the Environmental Impacts caused by the Eucalyptus
(Portuguese)
Event promoted by the PET - Forest Engineering - Federal University
of Mato Grosso. PET is a Program for Tutorial Education developed
by the Brazilian Ministry of Education and Culture through its
Superior Education Secretary - SESu.
http://www.ufmt.br/petfloresta/seminario.htm
Workshop Eucaliptocultura
2007 (Portuguese)
Event organized by the SIF - Society of Forest Research in Vicosa/Brazil.
The speeches were related to eucalyptus pests, diseases, environmental
issues, and mineral nutrition.
http://www.sif.org.br/eventos/palestras.asp?p=2007%2006%20-%20
Workshop%20Eucaliptocultura
Online
Technical Journals
Here,
we are bringing to you a selection of excellent online journals with
connection to the eucalyptus. In
these journals,
you may freely download articles or read the news, without the need
of memberships, passwords or payments. The maximum you may need to
do is to register yourself. They are journals or article collections
at our hands (or eyes), available to all those wondering to read and
to learn more about forestry, environment, pulp, paper, woods, and
eucalyptus, surely. Please, go the the search tool in each journal,
and type "Eucalyptus". Then, have a look in the result. In
this way, many times you may find valuable technical material. To the
editors of these journals, our most sincere appreciation and thanks.
We hope many other journals may join forces to this scientific and
technical knowledge chain.
Mari
Papel
http://www.maripapel.com
Mari Papel is a newsletter with information about the pulp, paper
and paperboard segments in Latin America. A publication by Latin
Press,
in Spanish.
Revista Virtual Forestal
http://www.revistaforestal.com
A journal and newsletter covering forest issues in Colombia, with versions
in three languages: Spanish, English and French.
Industria
della Carta
http://www.rivistedigitali.com/Industria_della_carta
A digital Italian journal about paper, graphics and packaging.
Bragantia
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0006-8705&lng=en&nrm=iso
Scientific magazine edited by the IAC- Agronomical Institute of
Campinas, strong emphasis on agricultural issues. Articles
in Portuguese, with
summaries in English.
Produtor
Florestal
http://www.produtorflorestal.com.br/revista.htm
A digital magazine by Aracruz Celulose oriented to promote the
plantation of eucalyptus forests by rural farmers. Articles,
techical assistance
and news in Portuguese.
Southern
Africa Forestry Journal - Southern Hemisphere Forestry Journal
http://www.ajol.info/journal_index.php?jid=23&tran=0&ab=0
Forestry journal by the Southern African Institute of Forestry
(www.saif.org.za). The content covers scientific and technical
articles and general information
about forestry, woods, environmental preservation. Edited
in English.
Annals
of Forest Science
http://www.afs-journal.org
Important source of information about the developments
and trends in the research of forestry. Articles in English
or
French.
Revista
Celulosa y Papel
http://www.celulosaypapel.com
A digital magazine with the support from the Argentinean
Association of Pulp and Paper Manufacturers. Articles
in Spanish.
Revista
Corrugados XXI Online
http://www.corrugado21.com.ar/descargas.php
It is a publication oriented to the paperboard and
corrugated container industry. Edited by CAFCCo (Argentinean
Council
of Corrugated Containers
Manufacturers). Written in Spanish.
Floresta
e Ambiente
http://www.if.ufrrj.br/revista/volumes.html
Scientific journal of the Institute of Forestry -
Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. Articles
in Portuguese,
with
summaries in English.
Euca-Links
Here, we are bringing to you a series of links
with several very good websites that have strong connection with
the eucalyptus. I hope you may visit them, taking advantage of the
good technical material they offer at a no cost basis.
AMS - Associacao
Mineira de Silvicultura (Brazil)
AMS is the Silviculture Association in the Minas Gerais State. Excellent
website, with many information, technical material for downloads,
photo gallery, and a lot more.
http://www.showsite.com.br/silviminas/html/index.asp
Laboratory of
Forest Products - UTAD - University Tras os Montes and Alto Douro
(Portugal)
UTAD is renowned in Portugal as one of the best forest engineering
courses in the country. They are also strong in research. The webpage
from the Forest Produccts Lab is rich on articles, figures, pictures
and it has a very good wood collection section.
http://home.utad.pt/~floresta/LPF/Lab_Pr_Fl.html
IEF - Minas Gerais
State Institute of Forestry (Brazil)
IEF is the state entity for promoting and supporting forestry plantation
and preservation in Minas Gerais State. This state is the leader
in terms of planted area of eucalyptus in Brazil.
http://www.ief.mg.gov.br
IEF/RJ - Rio de Janeiro State Institute
of Forestry (Brazil)
IEF/RJ is the government organization in the state of Rio de Janeiro
that deals with the legal, policy and fiscalization issues for development
and preservation of natural ecosystems and forestry.
http://www.ief.rj.gov.br
RENABIO - National Network on Biomass for
Energy Generation (Brazil)
Renabio is an association that provides technical support to the
utilization of biomass for energy generation. The website is rich
on data, and they have also a technical journal (Biomassa e Energia),
with summaries made available for downloading.
http://www.renabio.org.br/index0.asp
GIT Forestry Consulting Blog
(Spain)
This is an oustanding webpage (and blog) written and presented by
Gustavo Iglesias Trabado. All sections are very rich on information,
technical data, pictures and a lot more. Gustavo is definitively
a friend of the eucalyptus. He is also promoting them through the
web. In a near future, Gustavo, as a special kindness from his side,
is to help me in our Eucalyptus Newsletter, sending euca-news from
Europe.
http://git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com/2007/06/eucalyptus-not-just-timber-ecological.html
http://www.git-forestry-blog.blogspot.com
http://www.git-forestry.com/menu.htm
LYPTUS - Noble Wood from the
Eucalyptus (Brazil)
Website describing the utilization of Lyptus, the commercial brand
of high-valued wood products made from the eucalyptus wood. This
wood is oriented to the manufacture of furniture, pannels, houses,
etc. The website has sections in Portuguese, English, Spanish and
Italian.
http://www.lyptus.com.br
Professor Omar Daniel's Website - Federal University of the Grande
Dourados - MS (Brazil)
Professor Omar Daniel makes available to his students and readers
an enormous amount of technical information about the silviculture,
environmental issues and agroforestry with the eucalyptus. His technical
production is very impressive. The page deserves a visit. There are
many articles and hand-outs for downloading.
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagMatDid/silvicultura/matdidsilv.php
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagProducao/ProdMudas.php
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagProducao/SAF.php
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagProducao/Revisoes.php
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagProducao/SIG.php
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagMatDid/saf/MatDidSAF.php
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/PagMatDid/impacto/MatDidImpacto.php
"A to Z of Paper" in
Bilt Paper website - Ballarpur Industries Limited (India)
Very good and helpful website provided by BILT Paper about production
and properties of paper.
http://www.biltpaper.com/atoz2.asp
YouTube Video about Paper Manufacturing
(English)
A basic video describing the paper manufacturing, when visiting a
Bowater mill in USA.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u8dWrdJH17A&eurl=
Giant Trees Consulting
Committee - Tasmania (Australia)
An interesting website with the purpose to show, to promote and to
preserve the giant eucalyptus trees that are still available in Tasmania.
These fantastic giant trees were subject of a section in the Eucalyptus
Newsletter number 02.
See at:
http://www.gianttrees.com.au
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/newspt_out05.html#cinco
Maderas Argentinas
(Argentina)
It is a webpage created by Silvia Monteoliva and Stella Maris Rivera.
The most important woods from Argentina are introduced to readers,
with several useful sections and links.
http://www.maderasenargentina.com.ar
Professor Edson Luiz Furtado's
Website about Forest Diseases - UNESP - Botucatu (Brazil)
This website brings several speeches, articles, technical orientation
and pictures showing the most important eucalyptus diseases. The
site is very helpul to eucalyptus planters, as an initial step for
diagnosing diseases.
http://www.fca.unesp.br/intranet/furtado.php
Professor Umberto Klock
's Webpage about Wood Chemistry and Pulp and Paper Technology -
UFPr (Brazil)
It is really impressive Umberto Klock's talent and hard-working.
The website offers articles, hand-outs, literature, links and many
illustrations. Go to visit the sections to learn about wood quality,
wood chemistry and pulp and paper science and technologies.
http://www.madeira.ufpr.br/disciplinasklock/quimicadamadeira/notasdeaula.htm
http://www.madeira.ufpr.br/disciplinasklock/polpaepapel/polpapapel.htm
Eucalyptus
Photo Gallery
Today,
the number of people wondering to know more about the eucalyptus
is huge and growing. These trees and the products
they provide to society are part of ordinary people daily life: paper,
furniture, wood structures, housing, food, packaging, honey, essential
oils, pharmaceuticals, detergents, candies, etc. Curiously, the eucalyptus
are probably the species that deserve the greater percentage of papers
being written about a single type of tree. There are people making
good comments, and there are others writing with criticism. However,
there people attacking them, without never have seen an eucalyptus
tree or forest. These forests are the suppliers of all these goods
to be used by society in search of better life quality and happiness.
For these reasons, and because many requests about euca-photos, I
decided to bring to your knowledge a good number of websites showing
photos
of the eucalyptus trees, flowers, fruits, seeds, forests, and ecosystems.
There, you may see the eucalyptus in the magnitude they deserve.
You may observe individual trees, planted forests, mosaics of plantations
and natural ecosystems, wood, fibers, papers, wonderful flowers,
associated
fauna and flora, etc.
First,
as a preference to my work, I recommend you to visit my own photo
gallery. There are more than 2,000 photos,
all available to your
utilization. They are available in all sections and in a special
photo gallery in my two websites www.celso-foelkel.com.br and
www.eucalyptus.com.br.
Another
simple way to find eucalyptus pictures is through www.google.com,
searching images. You are to find thousands,
but you'll be demanded
to visit the webpages where they are posted. Don't forget that
some of them are protected by author's rights.
Please,
see the results for some simple searches at Google Images:
http://images.google.com.br/images?svnum=10&hl=pt-BR&gbv=2&q=eucalipto&btnG=Pesquisar+imagens
or
http://images.google.cl/images?hl=es&q=eucalyptus&ie=UTF-8&oe=UTF-8&um=1&sa=N&tab=wi
or
http://images.google.com.br/images?svnum=10&hl=pt-BR&gbv=2&q=eucalyptus%2Bplantations
Some
associations, companies, universities and blogs are used to have
phototeks. For this fact, there are hundreds of opportunities
to meet
the eucalyptus visiting them.
Some
of the most relevant phototeks are presented for your visit. Go
to visit them with the spirit of
someone entering in a forest:
Celso
Foelkel's Photo Gallery - Brazil
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/fotos.html
Aracruz
Celulose Photo Gallery - Brazil
http://www.aracruz.com.br/minisites/microbacia/port/galeria4221.html?galeria=eucalipto&pagina=1&foto=euca_08
Photo
Gallery - CORMA del Bio Bio - Corporacion Chilena de la Madera
- Chile
http://www.cormabiobio.cl/6accionar/bibliotecas/fototec/fot1.htm
Images
of the Australian National Botanic Gardens - Australian National
Herbarium - Australia
http://www.anbg.gov.au/photo/index.html
Images
of the Centre for Biodiversity Research - Australia
http://www.anbg.gov.au/projects/eucalypts/images/images.html
Online
Enciclopedia WikiMedia Commons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Eucalyptus#searchInput
ASGAP - Association of Societies for Growing Australian Plants -
Australia
http://asgap.org.au/gallery4.htm
Fazenda
Cintra - Brazil
http://www.fazendacitra.com.br/dierberger/content/view/40/34
Photo
Gallery - AMS - Associacao Mineira de Silvicultura - Brazil
http://www.showsite.com.br/silviminas/html/index.asp?Metodo=ExibirDet&Grupo=3%20&SubGrupo=2
Dendrological
Plant Image Gallery - Gerd Seehawer's images website - Germany
http://www.dendroimage.de/gallesp.htm
Photo
Bank - Bahia Pulp - Brazil
http://www.bahiapulp.com/bancofotos.asp?i=pt-br&g=1
Photo
Gallery - Lwarcel - Brazil
http://www.lwarcel.com.br/site/content/galeria/default.asp
Image
Bank of Fotosearch (a virtual company that sells images in the
web)
http://www.fotosearch.com.br/fotos-imagens/eucalipto.html
Trekearth
Images
http://www.trekearth.com/search.php?phrase=eucalyptus&type=
Photo
Album "Trees- Eucalyptus, an Australian Tree" by
Galit at Webshots.com
http://outdoors.webshots.com/album/116956882iGCyQz
Giant
Trees Photo Gallery
http://www.gianttrees.com.au/giants.htm
A Field
Guide to the Eucalyptus and Plantation Forest Trees
This virtual booklet was created with the
mission to bring good temper to our forestry science. We
have been inspired by a Portuguese book written and published
about 20 years ago. Unfortunately, this masterpiece is no
longer available for purchasing. Only some privileged people
have the honor to have it. For this reason, we decided to
create our own version, based on our assumptions. My talented
daughters, Alessandra and Ester did the drawings (Alessandra)
and the edition (Ester). With a lot of high spirits, some
commercial trees used in plantations are introduced to you.
The main phenotypic features are associated to the species
names, simple correlations to please you.
See
and enjoy:
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/imagens.html
The
Friends of the Eucalyptus
Dr.
Laercio Couto
Dr.
Laercio Couto is one of the great names in the areas of silviculture,
agroforestry and biomass for energy
in Brazil. He is renowned both nationally and internationally for
his papers, work and consulting services in these fields of knowledge.
Professor
Laercio, as he likes to be called, was born in April 1945 in
a small town in the Minas Gerais state/Brazil: Tocantins.
He has a double origin. His father Mr. Argemiro Couto is from
a Portuguese family and his mother Mrs. Maria Soares Queiroz
Couto
descends from the Coroados indigenous people. He was the first
born child in a family of seven boys and two girls. His father
was carpenter, and this may be the reason for Laercio's interest
to the woods and to the native forests, sources of the woods
when he was a kid. From his mother side, he gained the joy for
nature,
fauna, flora. All these were significant factors in the decision
to study forestry, surely.
Laercio
spent his childhood and teenaging in Tocantins, in a time there
were no computers, television sets,
or video games for playing.
He was very active on studying, playing soccer, collecting things,
and in religion. This natural life style gave him opportunities
to develop his values for Nature and friendship.
In
1964, he started his studies at the Escola Superior de Florestas
- Rural University
of Minas Gerais State, joining hands to other
19 students. It was the first group of students in Brazil having
classes for the just created career: forest engineering. He got
his degree in 1967, and receive two job offers: one to work in
CEPLAC, Bahia, with the famous Dr. Paulo Alvim, and another to
work in a private company Prado & Cunha Ltd, at the town of
Buri, Sao Paulo. His option was going to Buri, to dedicate his
just gained knowledge in practical issues. There, he was able to
implement nurseries, pine plantations, and to see the results of
his work. The pine plantations were designated to the production
of resin and timber. In Buri, he made a great number of friends,
and he became very popular because he was one of the important
players in the local soccer team: Bandeirantes Futebol Clube. In
1970, he got married with Mrs. Maria Jose Margarido Fonseca, also
known as Fia. They had three kids: one son and two daughters.
In
1972, he left Buri and moved to Itarare, to work again with
pines to PLANTAR. In 1974, it was the time to move to Bahia,
still with PLANTAR, and to develop pine and coconut plantations
over
there. After finishing the work in Bahia, he joined the Jari
project, working in forestation projects with Pinus and Gmelina
arborea.
In a short period of time, his achievements and enthusiasm
deserved an invitation from Professor Mauro Silva Reis to join
SIF - The
Society of Forest Research, an organization associated with
the UFV - Federal University of Vicosa. In 1975, he started
again his work in Vicosa, which lasts a long period in his career.
At the
same year, he was accepted for working to the Master of Science
degree in forestry, at the same university. He was also invited
to work as assistant professor in forest management by Professor
Antonio Bartolomeu do Vale, his advising professor. In 1977,
he finished the master course studies, with a thesis about
the
influence
of spacing in the initial growth of Eucalyptus plantations.
These were the first contacts with the just gained new friend:
the
eucalyptus. From Vicosa, he left far away to Canada, for
PhD studies at the
University of Toronto. His adviser professor was Dr. Jagdish
Chandra Nautiyal, a notorious forest economist. His PhD thesis
was defended
in December 1982, and it had as subject "the timber
production function of Eucalyptus grandis in Brazil".
The partnership with the Eucalyptus was strongly developed.
There was no possible
return.
When
back from Canada, and returning to his educational position at
UFV, Laercio dedicated his efforts to develop
3 fundamental
areas of knowledge: agroforestry, applied silviculture
and forest planning/management. As a professor of agroforestry
in the
graduate
course, he started to advise students in this area. Along
his long career as professor, he was able to advise 26 M.Sc.
and Ph.D. students,
the great majority with theses involving the Eucalyptus as the
forest component in agroforestry systems.
In
1989, he achieved the position of head of the UFV Forest Department,
and the Administrative
Directory of SIF (www.sif.org.br).
He
worked hard to raise the number of members in the SIF organization,
being
very successful. In 1993, he went to USA for a 18 months
pos-doctoral period at Colorado State University. His counterpart
was Professor
David Ray Betters. Both were active in developing partnerships
between UFV and CSU, specially in short term interchanges
of professors and researchers for mutual benefits. From the studies
developed
along this partnership, Laercio could write over 20 papers,
many speeches, most of all related with silviculture and
agroforestry
of short rotation Eucalyptus plantations. He had several
papers with Dr. Lynn L. Wright, a widely known researcher at
Oak Ridge
National Laboratory – ORNL. This laboratory had financial
support from the Department of Energy – DOE, United
States of America. He believes that one of the most important
papers
he has written comes from that time: a publication about
the technical,
social and environmental impacts of the short rotation
Eucalyptus plantation forests.
In
1994, he started a consulting and technical support
service to Gutchess International Incorporated – GII.
The aim was to establish a sawmill to process Eucalyptus
wood, manufacturing
high-added value solid products from this wood. The result
of this
work was the joint venture between GII and Aracruz Celulose
to build a new company - Aracruz Produtos Solidos de
Madeira - still
existing in the town of Posto da Mata, south of Bahia.
Today, the sawmill is owned by Weyerhaeuser and Aracruz.
The product
is known
as LYPTUS, a new concept of noble wood being exported
to USA and Europe, and to supply domestic market, either.
From
1996 onwards, he started strong move in direction
of associations and cooperative organizations: Scientific
Director at SIF (www.sif.org.br),
President of Centro Mineiro para Conservacao da Natureza – CMCN
(Minas Gerais Center for Nature Conservation), President
of Centro Brasileiro para Conservacao da Natureza e Desenvolvimento
Sustentavel – CBCN
- Brazilian Center for Nature Conservation and Sustainable
Development (www.cbcn.org.br); President of SBAG - Sociedade
Brasileira de
Agrossilvicultura - Brazilian Society of Agroforestry
(www.sbag.org.br), etc.
In
2002, he was designed as Brazilian Team Leader in
the Task 30 - IEA Bioenergy (www.iea.org),
by the Brazilian Ministry
of Mining
and Energy. An special event was organized in Belo
Horizonte to cover such issues
(http://www.fao.org/forestry/webview/media?mediaId=4581&langId=1).
He was also requested to create and to become president
of the Renabio - Rede Nacional de Biomassa para Energia – Brazilian
Network for the Use of Biomass for Energy Generation
(www.renabio.org.br),
with headquarters in Vicosa.
Laercio
has retired as professor some few years ago, but he continues
dedicated
to his former students,
former co-workers,
and all
his amazing network of friends. Today, he is living
in the
city of
Itu/SP/Brazil with his family. His son Luciano, also
a forest engineer, also lives in Itu. Laercio’s
daughters (Juliana and Michelle) are also forest
engineers. This means a family
of forest engineers,
without any pressure coming from daddy, as stated
by Laercio.
Today,
Dr. Laercio Couto is professor in several
Brazilian and international universities (Mato
Grosso, Para,
Toronto). He acts
very strongly at Renabio, SBAG, CBCN, and he has
several consulting services to private companies
and municipalities.
Having
a look back to his career, Laercio is very proud to have had
the chance to develop agroforestry,
short
rotation biomass
Eucalyptus forest studies, and for the deep involvement
with the creation of the Aracruz sawmill in Bahia.
He considers that
this
sawmill was the starting up of the utilization
of Eucalyptus wood for solid products in a sophisticated
line of
products to the society
and for the generation of new job positions in
Brazil.
Today,
Laercio is trying to combine agroforestry with the production
of biomass of Eucalyptus, giving
his
contribution to other sustainable
activities to his country. His dedication to
develop citizenship
among his students and sustainable alternatives
to society are outstanding. Laercio also values
his
network of friends,
co-workers,
and all the enormous number of friends he was
able to acquire along his life.
Professor
Laercio Couto main areas of expertise are the following:
• agroforestry;
• short rotation crops for energy - biomass;
• preservation of Nature and sustainable development;
• general and applied silviculture.
For
a better understanding of all Laercio's technical papers, educational
activities, and scientific production, please,
visit the following links:
Lattes platform of scientists and research groups - CNPQ/Brazil
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4783654E0
http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.jsp?id=K4783654E0&tipo=completo
http://dgp.cnpq.br/buscaoperacional/detalhepesq.jsp?pesq=1437178545562509
Laercio
Biography in some websites:
http://www.renabio.org.br/diretoria.asp?tipo=1&id=2&nome=La%C3%A9rcio%20Couto
http://www.iea.org/ia/ann_rep_pdf/bio04.pdf
The intense involvement that has always happened in his
professional life enabled Laercio to have
over 100 published papers, and 26
graduate students under his guidance and
advising. Considering also the books, book chapters, hand-outs, speeches,
case
studies, consulting reports, and a lot
more, his technical production
is definitively very impressive. Laercio,
it is a honor to be your friend and to have had the opportunity to
disclose
you
professional career in
our section "The Friends
of the Eucalyptus". Our
recognition and admiration for everything
you have
done in favor of our common friends,
the eucalyptus. Please,
spend a time visiting the large list of papers
that have been originated to Mankind thanks
to Laercio Couto studies, determination
and intelligence. Most of the papers are in Portuguese, some in
Spanish or English. Theses and scientific papers have always a
summary in English.
Publications
on Agroforestry
Overview of agroforestry practices in Central Brazil. W.A.Geyer;
F.Dube; L.Couto. 7th Biennial Conference on Agroforestry in North
America. p: 101-102/323. (2001)
http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/pub/agroconf.pdf
Overview
of agroforestry practices in southeastern Brazil. W.A.Geyer;
F.Dube; L.Couto. Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science
Volume 107. (2004)
http://www.emporia.edu/kas/trans107/trans107.htm#geyer
http://www.bioone.org/perlserv/?request=get-pdf&doi=10.1660%2F0022-
8443%282004%29107%5B0143%3AOOAPIS%5D2.0.CO%3B2
Economics
of a commercial alley cropping system in Central Brazil. F.Dube; W.A.Geyer; L.Couto. 7th Biennial Conference on Agroforestry
in North America. p: 153 - 157. (2001)
http://www.agr.gc.ca/pfra/pub/agroconf.pdf
Carbon
fixation in an agrosilvipastoral system with eucalypt in the
Cerrado Region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. A.A.Tsukamoto Filho;
L.Couto, J.C.L.Neves. First Congress of Agroforestry. p. 213. (2004)
http://www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/wca/Abstracts2.pdf
Rebuilding
degraded ecosystems: a sustainable community forestry approach. C.A.A.S.Ribeiro; L.Couto. XI World Forestry Congress.
(1997)
http://www.fao.org/forestry/docrep/wfcxi/publi/v3/T12E/5.HTM
http://www.fao.org/forestry/docrep/wfcxi/publi/V3/T12E/5-30.HTM
Una
vision general de sistemas silvopastoriles y agrosilvopastoriles
con eucalipto en Brasil. O.Daniel; L.Couto.
FAO Conference on "Agroforesteria
para la produccion animal en Latinoamerica" . (1998)
http://www.lead.virtualcenter.org/es/ele/conferencia1/daniel21.htm
http://www.fao.org/ag/Aga/agap/FRG/AGROFOR1/daniel21.pdf
Aspectos
economicos de los sistemas agrosilvopastoriles con Eucalyptus
sp. en el sudeste de Brazil. F.Dube; L.Couto; R.Garcia; G.A.A.Araujo;
H.G.Leite; M.C.Silva. (1999)
http://www.cipav.org.co/redagrofor/memorias99/Dube.htm
Sistemas
agroflorestais com eucalipto no Brasil: uma visao geral. L.Couto; O.Daniel; R.Garcia; W.Bowers; F.Dube. SIF Documents. 2
pp. (1998)
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/docs/a_artigos/SAF/OmarSAFEucSIF17.pdf
Agrossilvicultura:
alternativa para o desenvolvimento regional. R.S.Vale. I Agrinvest. PowerPoint presentation: 46 slides. (2005)
http://www.gestaodoagronegocio.com.br/agrinvest/Downloads/Agrossilvicultura
%20Alternativa%20de%20Desenvolvimento%20para%20os%20Pequenos%20Produtores.pdf
Estudos
tecnicos e economicos de sistemas agroflorestais com Eucalyptus
spp. no noroeste do estado de Minas Gerais: o caso da Companhia
Mineira de Metais. F.Dube. Master Thesis UFV. 159 pp. (1999)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/dube,f.pdf
O
desenvolvimento sustentavel da agricultura no cerrado brasileiro. R.P.Marouelli. 64 pp. (2003)
http://www.iica.org.br/Docs/Publicacoes/PublicacoesIICA/RodrigoMarouelli.pdf
Definicao
de indicadores de sustentabilidade para sistemas agroflorestais. O.Daniel. PhD Thesis UFV. 123 pp. (2000)
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/docs/a_artigos/SAF/OmarTeseIntegra.pdf (Full
text)
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/docs/a_artigos/SAF/OmarTeseExtrato.pdf (Summary)
Sustentabilidade
em sistemas agroflorestais: indicadores socioeconomicos. O.Daniel; L.Couto: E.Silva; C.A.M.Passos; I.Jucksch; R.Garcia.
Ciencia Florestal 10(1): 159-175. (2000)
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/src/inicio/ArtPdfRed.jsp?iCve=53400111
http://www.ufsm.br/cienciaflorestal/artigos/v10n1/art11v10n1.pdf
Proposta
de um conjunto minimo de indicadores biofisicos para o monitoramento
da sustentabilidade em sistemas agroflorestais. O.Daniel; L.Couto; E.Silva; C.A.M.Passos; R.Garcia; I.Jucksch.
Cerne 7(1): 42 - 55. (2001)
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/Cerne/rev-v7n1-2001.htm
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/CERNE/Revistav7n1-2001/4%20artogp%20013.pdf
Proposta
para padronizacao da terminologia empregada em sistemas agroflorestais
no Brasil. O.Daniel; L.Couto; R.Garcia; C.A.M.Passos.
Revista Arvore 23(3): 367 - 370. (1999)
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/docs/a_artigos/SAF/TermSAF1999.pdf
Revegetacao
de area de caulim na Zona da Mata, em Minas Gerais: um estudo
de caso. M.Vidal. Master Thesis UFV. 86 pp. (2001)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/vidal,m.pdf
Fixacao
de carbono em um sistema agroflorestal com eucalipto na Regiao
do Cerrado de Minas Gerais. A.A.Tsukamoto Filho. PhD Thesis
UFV. 111 pp. (2003)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/tsukamoto%20filho,aa.pdf
Agrossilvicultura
com eucalipto como alternativa para o desenvolvimento sustentavel
da Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. R.S.Vale. PhD Thesis
UFV. 115 pp. (2004)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/vale,rs.pdf
Sistemas
agroflorestais: uma contribuicao para a conservacao dos recursos
naturais na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais. F.S.Franco.
PhD Thesis UFV. 160 pp. (2000)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/franco,fs.pdf
Sistemas
agroflorestais como alternativas sustentaveis a recuperacao de
pastagens degradadas. O.Daniel; L.Couto; A.C.T.Vitorino.
Symposium "Sustentabilidade
da Pecuaria de Leite no Brasil". p: 151 - 170. (1999)
http://www.ufgd.edu.br/~omard/docs/a_artigos/SAF/SimpGoiania1999.pdf
Fatores
limitantes ao crescimento do capim Tanzania em um sistema agrossilvipastoril
com eucalipto, na Regiao dos Cerrados de Minas
Gerais. C.M.S.Andrade; R.Garcia; L.Couto; O.G.Pereira. Revista
Brasileira de Zootecnia 30(4): 1178 - 1185. (2001)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbz/v30n4/6022.pdf
Desempenho
de seis gramineas solteiras ou consorciadas com o Stylosanthes
guianensis cv. mineirao e eucalipto em sistema silvipastorial. C.M.S.Andrade; R.Garcia; L.Couto; O.G.Pereira; A.L.Souza. Revista
Brasileira de Zootecnia 32(6): 1845 - 1850. (2003)
http://br.monografias.com/trabalhos2/desempenho-seis-gramineas/desempenho-seis-gramineas.shtml
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rbz/v32n6s2/20954.pdf
Producao
forrageira de gramineas cultivadas sob luminosidade reduzida. C.R.T.Castro; R.Garcia; M.M.Carvalho; L.Couto. Revista Brasileira
de Zootecnia 28(5): 919 - 927. (1999)
http://ainfo.cnpgc.embrapa.br/produtoseservicos/bpa/Literatura/
producaoforrageirasobluminosidad%20reduzida.pdf
Atividade
microbiana do solo em sistemas agroflorestais, monoculturas,
mata natural e area desmatada. S.L.Assis Jr.; J.C.Zanuncio; M.C.M.Kasuya;
L.Couto; R.C.N.Melido. Revista Arvore 27(11): 35 - 41. (2003)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v27n1/15919.pdf
Rendimento
animal e de pastagem de inverno em sistema silvipastoril com
eucalipto no ano de estabelecimento. J.L.S.Silva;
J.C.Saibro,
R.Garcia; L.Couto. In: "Manejo de pastagens e producao animal".
p. 149
http://www.inta.gov.ar/mercedes/grupocampos/XVII/Manejo.pdf
Componentes
de um sistema silvipastoril constituido de
Eucalyptus saligna e pastagens cultivada e nativa no Rio Grande
do Sul. J.L.S.Silva; J.C.Saibro; R.Garcia;. L.Couto. In: "Manejo
de pastagens e producao animal". p. 151
http://www.inta.gov.ar/mercedes/grupocampos/XVII/Manejo.pdf
Quantificacao
de erosao em sistemas agroflorestais e convencionais na Zona
da Mata de Minas Gerais. F.S.Franco; L.Couto; A.F.Carvalho;
I.Jucksch; E.I.Fernandes Filho; E.Silva; J.A.A.Meira Neto. Revista
Arvore 26(6): 751 - 760. (2002)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v26n6/a11v26n6.pdf
Publications
about Biomass Generation for Energy in Short Rotation Forests
Short-rotation eucalypt plantations in Brazil: social and
environmental issues. L.Couto; D.R.Betters. (1995)
http://bioenergy.ornl.gov/reports/euc-braz/toc.html
http://www.shortrotationcrops.org/eucalypts.htm
http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/servlets/purl/36587-6z4lo1/webviewable/36587.PDF
Eucalypt
based agroforestry systems as an alternative to produce biomass
for energy in Brazil. L.Couto; M.D.Muller;
D.C.Barcellos;
M.M.F.Couto. In: Biomass and bioenergy production for economic
and environmental benefits". Short Rotation Wood Crops Operation
Working Group. p: 22-22. (2004)
http://www.woodycrops.org/reports/2004%20Abstracts.pdf
Large
scale short rotation eucalypt plantations for energy in Brazil:
an overview. L.Couto; D.Calais; M.Muller;
D.C.Barcellos;
M.M.F.C.Araújo. Workshop on Sustainable Biomass Production
for the World Market. PowerPoint presentation: 32 slides. (2005)
http://www.bioenergytrade.org/downloads/coutonovdec05.pdf
Report
on bionergy in Brazil. D.G.Pinatti; L.Couto; A.G.Soares;
C.A.Vieira; R.A.Conte. 22 pp. (Undated)
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/17/16274/pinatti.pdf
Short
rotation crops for bioenergy systems: 2007 - 2009. T.Verwijst;
G.Berndes. PowerPoint presentation: 12 slides. (Undated)
http://www.senternovem.nl/mmfiles/IEA%20Task%2030%20-%20Short%20
Rotation%20Crops%20for%20Bioenergy%20Systems_tcm24-206910.pdf
Short
rotation crops with eucalypts in Brazil. L.Couto; I.Nicholas;
M.D.Muller; D.C.Barcellos. 3 pp. (2003)
http://www.shortrotationcrops.org/PDFs/2003Mtg/35-Brazil.pdf
Florestas
plantadas para energia: aspectos tecnicos, socio-economicos
e ambientais. L.Couto; M.D.Muller; A.A.Tsukamoto Filho. 13 pp.
(Undated)
http://www.cgu.unicamp.br/energia2020/papers/paper_Couto.pdf
Florestas
plantadas para energia: aspectos tecnicos, socio-economicos
e ambientais. L.Couto; M.D.Muller; A.A.Tsukamoto Filho. Powerpoint
presentation: 21 pp. (2002)
http://www.cgu.unicamp.br/energia2020/Palestra%20Unicamp.ppt
Producao
de madeira para geracao de energia eletrica numa plantacao
clonal de eucalipto em Itamarandiba/MG. M.D.Muller. PhD Thesis
UFV. 108 pp. (2005)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/muller,md.pdf
Florestas
energeticas no Brasil. L.Couto; M.D.Muller. In: "Biomassa
para energia", an online book coordinated by L.A.B.Cortez;
E.S.Lora. (Undated)
http://www.feagri.unicamp.br/energia/biomassaenergia/cap4.pdf
Sustentabilidade
para geracao e uso de energia no Brasil: os proximos 20 anos. UNICAMP. (2002)
http://www.cgu.unicamp.br/energia2020/caderno.pdf (Full
text - 38 pp.)
http://www.cgu.unicamp.br/energia2020/papers/paper_mesa5.pdf (Roundtable
summary - 2 pp.)
Producao
de biodiesel a partir de sistemas agroflorestais em Vazante,
Minas Gerais. A.V.Barros. PhD Thesis UFRA. 140 pp. (2005)
http://www.agrisustentavel.com/tese/vazante.pdf
Producao
de "pellets" de madeira: o caso
da Bio Energy no Espirito Santo. L.Couto; M.D.Muller; A.G.Silva
Jr.; L.J.N.Conde.
Biomassa e Energia 1(1): 45 - 52. (2004)
http://www.renabio.org.br/artigos/005-LCouto-2004-B&E-45-52.pdf
Acao
de prospeccao tecnologica em energia. FINEP/CGEE. 32 pp.
(2003)
http://www.cgee.org.br/arquivos/rel_pros_energ.pdf
Vias
de valoracao energetica da biomassa. L.C.Couto; L.Couto;
L.F.Watzlawick; D.Camara. Biomassa e Energia 1(1): 71 - 92. (2004)
http://www.renabio.org.br/artigos/008-LuizCouto-UNICENTRO-2004-B&E-71-92.pdf
Publications about Applied Silviculture and Agriculture
Emprego de um modelo de crescimento e producao para determinacao
da rotacao em povoamentos de eucaliptos. R.R.Resende; A.B.Vale;
T.S.Soares; M.C.Silva; L.Couto; R.S.Vale. Revista Arvore 28(2):
219 - 225. (2004)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v28n2/20986.pdf
Efeitos
do sombreamento e tipos de suportes para fertil-pot na producao
de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis. J.M.Gomes, R.M.Brandi;
L.Couto; N.F.Barros. Revista Floresta 10(1): 24 - 27. (1979)
http://calvados.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs2/index.php/floresta/article/view/6241/4453
Parametros
morfologicos na avaliacao de qualidade de mudas de Eucalyptus
grandis. J.M.Gomes; L.Couto; H.G.Leite; A.Xavier; S.L.R.Garcia.
Revista Arvore 26(6): 655 - 664. (2002)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v26n6/a02v26n6.pdf
Crescimento
de mudas de Eucalyptus grandis em diferentes tamanhos de tubetes
e fertilizacao NPK. J.M.Gomes; L.Couto; H.G.Leite; A.Xavier;
S.L.R. Garcia. Revista Arvore 27(2): 113 - 127. (2003)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v27n2/15930.pdf
Reuso
de agua para irrigacao. C.C.Bernardi. Course Monograph -
FGV/ Ecobusiness School. 63 pp. (2003)
http://www.iica.org.br/Docs/Publicacoes/PublicacoesIICA/CristinaCosta.pdf
A importancia
da agricultura irrigada para o desenvolvimento da regiao nordeste
do Brasil. B.C.L.B.Heinze. Course Monograph - FGV/
Ecobusiness School. 70 pp. (2002)
http://www.iica.org.br/Docs/Publicacoes/PublicacoesIICA/BraulioHeinze.pdf
Modelagem
e avaliacao economica de plantacoes de eucaliptos submetidas
a desbastes. A.N.Dias. Master Thesis UFV. 82 pp. (2000)
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/dias,an-m.pdf
Emprego
de um modelo de crescimento e producao em povoamentos desbastados
de eucalipto. A.N.Dias; H.G.Leite; J.C.C.Campos; L.Couto;
A.F.Carvalho. Revista Arvore 29(5): 731 - 739. (2005)
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/488/48829508.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v29n5/a08v29n5.pdf
Determinacao
da idade tecnica de desbaste em plantacoes de eucalipto utilizando
o metodo dos ingressos percentuais. G.S.Nogueira; H.G.Leite;
J.C.C.Campos; A.L.Souza; L.Couto. Scientia Forestalis 59: 51 -
59. (2001)
http://www.ipef.br/PUBLICACOES/SCIENTIA/nr59/cap04.pdf
Resistencia
intra-específica de eucaliptos
a formigas cortadeiras. D.L.Q.Santana; L.Couto. Boletim de Pesquisa
Florestal 20: 13 -
21. (1990)
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/publica/boletim/boletarqv/boletim20/santana.pdf
Efeito
da exploracao florestal seletiva em uma floresta estacional
semidecidual. S.S.Martins; L.Couto; C.C.Machado; A.L.Souza. Revista
Arvore 27(1): 65 - 70. (2003)
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v27n1/15923.pdf
Simulacao
e comparacao economica das operacoes de reforma, adensamento
e interplantio em povoamentos de eucaliptos, com utilizacao do
sistema ManFlor: um estudo de caso. A.J.Oliveira; L.Couto. IPEF
34: 57 - 61. (1986)
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr34/cap10.pdf
Books or Book Chapters
Cultivation and production of eucalypts in South America: with
special reference to the leaf oils. Chapter in the book "Eucalyptus:
the genus Eucalyptus", an online book by J.J.W.Coppen
http://books.google.com/books?hl=pt-BR&lr=&id=sovmINZsxdEC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=
la%C3%A9rcio+couto&ots=-bCiEUovpd&sig=FrRkDz8eWyq12YKm6F9MmVWHPi8#PPP1,M1
Cultivo
e resinagem de Pinus. L.Couto. Edited by CPT/Vicosa
http://www.cpt.com.br/produtos/33_290.php
Cedro-australiano:
cultivo e utilizacao. A.L.Pinheiro; J.L.Lani;
L.Couto. Edited by CPT/Vicosa
http://www.cpt.com.br/produtos/113_1341.php
Technical
mini-article by Celso Foelkel
Eucalyptus planted forests
and water consumption
The
consumption of water by the eucalyptus plantation forests has always
been a controversial issue, in spite
of the fact
we have an enormous number of scientific articles in the literature.
Today, almost all the leading forest-based companies have experimental
micro-watersheds (or catchments) for monitoring water quality and
consumption by these forests. These micro-watersheds are used also
to provide information for the better forestry planning and operations
in the area. It's huge the amount of information we have available
in the literature. They bring data on streamflows, surface run-offs,
evapotranspiration, soil infiltration of the water, etc. The majority
of the papers indicates that the evapotranspiration in eucalyptus plantations
are rather similar to those measured in natural forests and for agricultural
crops. There are some publications indicating that the water consumption
and depletion by eucalyptus plantation forests are slightly higher
than those observed for pastures, cerrado vegetation or savanna.
This phenomenon is being called "plantation effect".
These differences are perfectly possible to be well managed through
adequate forest planning
and management, silvicultural practices and design of the eco-forest
complex. Ahead, we are to deeper discuss this point. Despite the
available knowledge and the use of technologies to minimize the
impacts of the
plantation forests on the environment, we are not being very successful
in informing this to society. In such cases, worries and doubts persist.
In part, the way to inform and to transmit these informations is
being very much academic, not so clear to most of citizens. There
are excellent
scientific articles proving that the eucalyptus plantations do not
harm or exhaust the water reserves in aquifers or the groundwater
reservoirs. However, there are also contestants, disclosing exactly
the papers
that shows slightly higher water depletion and reduced run-off due
to the above mentioned "plantation effect". After all,
we have a great diversity of situations, and they need to be carefully
separated and understood. We have situations that may pose risks,
and
we have confortable situations, at no risk to the water in the catchment.
What are not advised to do is to defend or to attack the plantations
only based on the results of the extreme cases, either favorable
or the opposite. For this reason, my mini-article is to bring to
you important
points to be understood about this hydrological issue. It is not
a piece for fully clarification to readers, but my purpose is, at
least,
to bring some key points to the arena of debates. In a near future,
I intend to write a more comprehensive text, as a chapter in our
Eucalyptus Online Book.
I'll
concentrate my discussions in this mini-article by
segments, and I'm calling them as key points. They are numbered
from 01 to 20, a
good number of reflections.
Key
point number 01: The inappropriate utilization of the
water resources by society has been a common
thing along Mankind history
in Earth.
Agriculture, forestry, pastures, our crazy cities, we have all
used the hydrological resources in an intense way, without caring
to the
their health, and without preventing their deterioration. The
result is that, after centuries of misuse, our watersheds are damaged,
overloaded, endangered, and fragilized. This is valid for both
water flows and
water qualities. Independently the action of other higher level
effects (global warning, climate effects, etc), the right is
that
we have damaged
our natural water resources, and we are being requested to find
solutions to this. There are several cases in many countries where
the use of the water is conflicting due to the reduced offer and
worse quality.
Key
point number 02: The same human beings who have used and
degraded these resources are now worried about
this potential
exhaustion
and the consequences. We, as society, are now willing to revitalize
and
to work to recover these natural resources. This is very good
to all of us. Based on wisdom, scientific knowledge, and cultural
heritage
we may find ways to obtain the needs to our society, and to
preserve the natural resources. There are good indications that
we may
fulfill
the sustainability requirements to have preserved resources
and to attain society happiness. What we definitively need is to
find the
procedures to obtain a possible, productive and continuous
sustainability.
Key
point number 03: The plantation of forests is a large
scale activity. Any operation that has this level of magnitude
may
pose risks and impacts
to the soil, water, fauna, flora, and to humans. Those who
plant forests are demanded to know the magnitude, the intensity,
the
frequency, and
the direction of these impacts. Thus, they may minimize the
negative impacts and to maximize the positive ones. An eucalyptus
plantation
forest may have important impacts to the hydrological resources,
in case the planning and the operations are executed with
no care, and
without the required preventive measures. We have the knowledge,
and the technologies. What we need is to use them in the
right way, and
to continuously improve then. The use of fire as an operational
tool; the deforestation of natural resources; the use of
the soil with no
care, favoring erosion; the planting of eucalyptus in riparian
zones, all these inconvenient and inappropriate operations
were used in the
past. They were also common in agricultural crops and in
pasture formation. Today, all they are forbidden by law. The forest
engineers and managers
also know that they are dangerous to the health of the own
planted forest. The watershed suffers tremendous impacts
when
the operations
are not respectful to the environmental issues. The forest
management, based on science and monitoring, has developed
measures to plant
forests with minimum environmental impacts to soil, water,
air, fauna and flora.
All this may be watched in the complex eco-forest mosaic
being managed now-a-days. There is a respect to the natural ecosystems:
they are
permanently preserved (riparian forests, swamps, natural
lakes,
etc). The creation of natural reserves scattered with the
plantations cooperates
to a sounder and healthier environment. The forest certification
that is a today's normal use in the leading forest companies,
is a proof
that the companies are in compliance with the forest and
environmental laws, that they evaluate the environmental impacts
and work
for minimizing the negative ones, that they are audited by
third
parties, and that
they are open to the dialogue with the interested parties.
Our legislation is also very strict. This severity in the
law is
based in scientific
knowledge, and in the principles of prevention and precaution.
Key
point number 04: The production of wood by the
eucalyptus planted forests offers raw materials to society
to manufacture
the goods
people need to be happy: paper, charcoal, firewood, furniture,
houses, honey,
essential oils, etc. When these products are manufactured
using the resources of the planted forests, we are preserving
the
natural resources
from being exhausted. The extractive removal of natural
forest and environmental resources has found a sustainable alternative:
the generation
of these resources by planting them. When doing this, we
are practicing a renewable activity, very helpful to sustainability.
This new
plantation based forest model is recent, for this reason
the
world area of plantation
forests is still not large. We are still improving this
model,
but the results are exciting. There is a lot of new knowledge,
and we also
understand the points that are demanding for improvements.
Key
point number 05: We are sure that the eucalyptus plantations
offer risks and that they have impacts to the environment.
These impacts
may have either high or low magnitude, and this is very
dependent on the way the plantations are implemented
and managed. What
is usual
is that some people place magnifying lens to the positive
points of the plantations (generation of wealth, labor,
raw materials,
etc),
and other people to the negative ones. The real truth
is in general located in a point that is between two extreme
positions.
We
cannot say that we have no impacts to the environment;
and we should also
not say that the planted forests are malignant, and for
this reason, banished as a source of goods to society.
Today,
we need to find
ways, through the dialogue, scientific knowledge, legislation,
monitoring,
to do the plantation forest activity continuously better.
To produce raw materials and goods to the society is
fair, but
to do this
in a sustainable and eco-efficient way is much better.
Key
point number 06: When talking about the eucalyptus plantation
forests, we shall not concentrate our look
only to the area
planted with eucalyptus.
What we definitively have is a well-balanced mosaic
of Nature and productive forest. This eco-forest mosaic
has in general
from 50
to 65% of planted
eucalyptus trees in the overall area. The remaining
area are preserved natural resources, managed as such. Something
very
nice and beautiful
to have a look. A simple trekking or a vision from
a
helicopter gives all the idea about this fantastic
ecosystem.
Key
point number 07: When we talk about water consumption
by the eucalyptus trees, we may inadvertently think
on thick roots,
absorbing
and pumping
water from the deep region of the soils. We may imagine
that this water will be lost to the atmosphere as
transpiration, and this
is no good.
There is a great lack of knowledge by the regular
citizens about the physiological and morphological issues of
the eucalyptus
planted forests.
People do not know how the water is absorbed, transported,
transpired
and used by the trees. There is also an enormous
ignorance about the hydrological balances in the plantations,
and a lack of understanding
of important physiological phenomena as: photosynthesis,
respiration, transpiration, evaporation and evapotranspiration.
Forest science
needs
to know all this, and also the dynamics of the water
in the soil, in the surface of the soil, and in the
soil depth
(groundwater).
Again,
we need better ways to transfer this type of basic
and important knowledge to the communities having
interaction and relationships
with the eucalyptus
plantations.
Key
point number 08: We need to know that the eucalyptus forests
use the trees canopies (or crown) for
3 main
physiological purposes: photosynthesis,
respiration and transpiration. The photosynthesis
consists in the production of organic matter and
oxygen by the
forest, sequestering
carbon dioxide
from atmosphere. All of these 3 operations are
performed very
intensively
by the leaves through some small openings or pores
they have: the stomata. Through the stomata the
gases from
the plant
and from
the atmosphere
are inter-exchanged. Carbon dioxide is absorbed
and oxygen and transpired water are released. More leaves
a plant
has, more
it is able to perform
all these physiology’s. There is an indicator
of the leaf richness in a forest or a crop. It
is called the Leaf Area Index - LAI. The
LAI consists in the ratio between the total leaf
area of the forest and the area of land it covers.
LAI is expressed by m² of leaves
by m² of land. In the case of eucalyptus,
it varies from 1.5 to 4. For high quality pastures
and
sugar cane, for example, the
values
varies from 3 to 8. A degraded pasture has fewer
leaves and the soil is exposed in high percentage.
The LAI for such degraded pastures
goes from 0.5 to 1.0. Natural forests, including
the riparian forests, also
have many leaves. They have more biodiversity,
with plants growing in different height levels
(understorey
plants). The result is that
the natural forests also perform photosynthesis
and transpiration in an intense way. However, the
production
of wood is not that high,
because
these forests do not have the orientation to build
wood in the trunk, as it occurs in the plantation
forests. The final conclusion of this
is simple: good quality pastures, natural forests,
riparian forests, and agricultural crops, all have
a intense consumption of water from
the soil. They all are living beings, and living
beings need water, source of life.
Key
point number 09: There is a plant or tree feature always
forgotten. All plants, even the eucalyptus, have wise mechanisms
to control
the opening and closure of the stomata. They do not leave the
stomata open all day or night along. This means that they have
control on the exchange of gases. Stomata operation is controlled
as a function of water availability in soils, canopy temperatures
and winds intensity. In hot days, the leaves close the stomata.
The same when wind is very strong. When water is scarce to the
thin roots, the stomata are also closed. The majority of the
thin roots are located in the initial soil profile, about 30
cm deep, maximum. This means that the eucalyptus trees need water
in the soil surface, where they capture the nutrients and the
required moisture to their lives. They are not used to go too
deep to absorb water. Moreover, the young eucalyptus forests,
as they are cultivated in Brazil, they don't have very deep roots,
most are located in a depth of 3.0 meters. Even the deeper roots,
when they are found, they don't go further than 10 meters from
the soil surface. As far the groundwater level or any aquifer
be located below this level, there is no risk involved. The eucalyptus
have a very good control on the stomata open/close system. They
don't like to discard good water, because they know that if water
is scarce, they will suffer.
Key
point number 10: The transpiration of the plants, either
eucalyptus forests, or any other
plant,
is a physiological activity very important.
In case the plants were unable to transpire,
our life in
Earth would be very different, and sadder.
Transpiration purifies
the water, and
the water released to the atmosphere is pure.
This water will be given back to the land as
pure rain.
Without
transpiration, the
soils would
be wet, the land a swamp. The lack of oxygen
in the soils would
be a reality, most of the soils would have
anaerobiosis development. Definitively,
another world would be offered to Mankind for
living.
Key
point number 11: All plants through water to atmosphere
by transpiration, this is an
unquestionable reality.
On the other
hand, the soils lose
water to the air by evaporation. The sum
of the water lost by plants via transpiration
and by
soil
via
evaporation is called
evapotranspiration.
When the water from rain falls over an agricultural
crop or over an eucalyptus plantation forest,
it has several
ways to
follow:
a part
infiltrates the soil; another part wets the
plants, and after, evaporates to the air,
without reaching
the soil
("canopy interception" phenomenon);
another part runs away over the surface of
the soil ("surface
run-off"), removing sediments, carbon
and nutrients from the soil. In this last
situation, we are losing water and richness
from
our area.
Water in severe run-offs is very deleterious.
It goes straight to the rivers, overloading
them with water and sediments, resulting
in flooding,
shoaling and disasters. We all know the important
role the forests have to prevent erosion
and to improve the river hydrological balances.
The forests prevent the soil desegregation
due to the impact of the
rain drops. They also filter the water; they
reduce the speed of the surface run-off;
they
have an accumulation of dead leaves, bark
and
branches in the soil to retain moisture at
the soil surface, where most of soil biology
exists. They prevent erosion, shoaling of
rivers, and they help the regulation of river
flows
along the seasons. It
is a fantastic job, don't you think so? The
forests in the top of the mountains, and
the gallery forests or riparian zones are
essential to the revitalization of the watersheds.
Even considering that they consume water
by transpiration, their role to protect the
watershed more than compensates this consumption.
Eucalyptus plantation forests have exactly
the same action as the gallery forests and
natural forests. Thus, they also cooperate
to prevent erosion, and to revitalize the
watersheds. We shall not waste this amazing
ability for protection the soils and hydrological
cycles that the forests have: both planted
and natural forests play similar role.
Key
point number 12: The water, when reaches the groundwater streams
and/or aquifers,
enlarges the
water bank in
these reservoirs. However,
to reach them, the water is demanded to
penetrate or to infiltrate into the soil. The surface
resistance of the
soil needs to
be broken. The layer of organic matter
residues in the soil surface
helps
this task. It improves the soil structure
and porosity. In case the soil
is compacted, with poor permeability, the
rain water leaves the area as stormwater,
torrential
run-offs,
taking soil
richness out of the
area. When the soil is capable to receive
the water, it absorbs water with avidity.
There
is a lot of
room
in the
soil to
be filled with
water. Light rains may wet the trees, the
crown, the canopy, the trunk, but may not
reach the
soil. Thus, there is no extra water to
go inside the soil or to run over the land
surface. They are unable to enrich the groundwater
reservoirs. The
forests are very helpful in case of heavy
or long term rains. In these cases,
the water reaches the soil, it infiltrates,
and the groundwater bank is refilled. Once
more,
this role
is fulfilled both
by the natural
forests and by the eucalyptus plantation
forests. Water infiltration in the forest
soils is much
more pronounced
than in pastures
or in light vegetation landscaping. Degraded
pastures have very compacted
soils. The rain water has the tendency
to leave these areas as torrential
run-offs, we have all seen this along our
lives. The watershed will be overloaded
and the water
quality will be worse.
When a plantation
is established on this type of degraded
pastures, the
soil compaction is broken, and the water
infiltration is favored.
The water walks
down inside the soil, until finding the
groundwater reservoir. Then, the
water starts to walk as an underground
stream. There is a moment that this water finds an
exit from the
soil: the
water
emerges,
giving origin
to a clean fountain, a water springs, a
swamp or a natural lake. This water quality is
typically drinking water.
For this reason
that we
consider the groundwater as a source of
controlled release of water to the brooks, rivers and
lakes. The
groundwater
is filtered
by
the soil, it loses contaminants, such as
sediments and agrochemicals. When
the water springs up in the fountain, its
quality is excellent. A wise engineering
from mother
Nature.
For
these reasons
that we need to find
mechanisms to promote the penetration of
the rain water into the soil. In case this
do not
happen,
the river
flows will
be high
and turbulent
during the rain season, and they may even
disappear during the dry season. Another
important disturbance
caused
by torrential run-offs
is the shoaling and sand dunes/banks formation
in the rivers because the pulled sediments.
There are
several
ways to
promote the penetration
of water deeper into the soil: afforestation;
protection of the
mountain tops with vegetation; preservation
and enrichment of riparian forests;
reduction of the water run-offs by leveled
terraces or tillage; creation of artificial
ponds and
dams to retain
water; breaking
the resistance
of compacted soil layers, both at the surface
or underground; increasing the soil surface
roughness, etc. The mixed
vegetation as herbs,
shrubs, and trees help to raise the surface
roughness, and this is favorable
to the supply and penetration of water
into the soil.
Key
point number 13: Important components to guarantee the
quality and the flow regulation in a hydrological system are the
riparian forests, gallery forests or natural vegetation. Gallery
forests (also identified as riparian forests) are the type of vegetation
that is obliged to be kept preserved in the banks of rivers, lakes,
streams, fountains, springs, swamps. The gallery forests preserve
the biodiversity and protect the water streams. They provide asylum
and shelter to the fauna, they are rich in flora species, and they
are a combination of several natural richness. The gallery forests
are also a protection to the slopes and hillsides, they filter
the sediments pulled by the run-offs, they destroy the excess of
agrochemicals coming in the direction to the rivers, they are really
required to society. They also favor the hydrology of the water
resources, by helping the infiltration of the rain water into the
soil, and by controlling the release of water to the streams. Gallery
forests are also rich on leaves. For this reason, they are able
to transpire much water to the atmosphere, mainly due to the wet
habitat they occupy. On the other hand, the benefits they bring,
more than compensate this transpiration factor they have. Remember,
we do not have only advantages or disadvantages in Nature. We always
have a balance. And depends also from the viewpoint we are watching
the ecosystem. We shall never place magnifying lens to the negative
points, forgetting the positive ones. Neither should we place all
attention to just one component of the eco-forest complex mosaic.
They need to be watched as a rich group of actors comprising riparian
zones, productive plantation forest areas, lakes, animals, and
man. The importance of this complex and its interactions is vital.
Key
point number 14: The evapotranspiration and the phenomenon
of canopy interception
are capable
to
give back to the
atmosphere a percentage
corresponding to 65 to 80% of the rain
water. The remaining 20 to 35% are
available to refill the groundwater, to run over the land surface
and to feed the rivers. When rain is scarce,
the amount of water lasting to refill
the groundwater reservoirs and the
rivers is
small. For this reason, we must not
plant productive eucalyptus forests in regions where the total
rain precipitation in the year is below 800 mm. Doing this, we
are preventing environmental impacts to the soil, to the water
courses, and to the planted forests . In regions very scarce on
rain along the year, we should only consider to plant eucalyptus
forests for environmental measures (in special forestry management),
as example for: soil erosion prevention, protection of sharp slope
areas, natural conservation of ecosystems without economic objectives.
The best cases to plant eucalyptus forests are regions with well-distributed
rains along the year, with total rain being higher than 1,200 mm
per year. Keeping these conditions as a rule, we are not to make
mistakes, and the soil, groundwater, springs and rivers will have
minimum impact in their flows and water quality.
Key
point number 15: The water
that is intercepted by the canopy
(and also by the trunks) of the forests
corresponds to 12 to 25% of the total
annual rainfall.
It is very
common to observe in days with fine
drizzling rain that all the water
becomes retained
in the plants.
Nothing
is able
to fall
to the soil.
In a savanna, cerrado or pasture,
this phenomenon is less pronounced. The
short and open vegetation
has
a poor interception
to the
rain water. This is one of the main
differences that allows the pastures
and cerrados
to have a lower "water consumption" than
eucalyptus planted forests. Water
interception by the canopy is also
present in natural
forests, sometimes even more intense
due to the abundant herbs and
shrubs layers in the forest understorey.
Another point that may bring difference
between pastures, cerrado, savanna
and plantation forests
in the water consumption is that
photosynthetic activity is higher
at the plantation.
There are recent papers in the literature
showing
that because these two causes (canopy
interception and photosynthetic activity)
the reduction on available water
to refill groundwater and
to leave as stormwater run-offs corresponds
to 150 to 250 mm of the annual precipitation.
This value is known as "plantation
effect".
This represents a counterpart
that the planted forests are using
more than cerrados, savannas and
pastures. Planted eucalyptus forests
generate oxygen, sink carbon, reduce
torrential run-offs, regulate the
water flows in the rivers, prevent
soil erosion, improve the water quality
by "filtration", offer
wood to Mankind; however, they have
an "extra annual consumption" that
is 150 to 250 mm higher than the
pastures, cerrados or savannas areas.
This is known, and these effects
may be managed to be minimized, following
some of the already mentioned measures
in this mini-article. As an additional
safety measure - a guarantee to prevent
hydrological effects - it is recommended
to plant eucalyptus productive forests
in regions where the total rain fall
along the year be at least or higher
than 1,000 mm. In case the intention
is to plant in regions where the
annual precipitation is in the range
from 800 to 1,000 mm, we suggest
a careful and detailed environmental
impact assessment study. This study
will help a better evaluation, quantification
of impacts, improvements on the decisions,
and mitigation practices to prevent
the potential negative consequences.
Key
point number 16: Forest management and silvicultural
practices, both
at planting and harvesting the
eucalyptus plantations
may favor or may reduce the penetration
of
water into the soil, its
infiltration,
the refill of groundwater, and
also surface streamflows. The quality
of the catchment
or micro-watershed
may be dramatically affected
when inappropriate techniques are
used by the foresters. The
adequate technical
assistance to rural farmers is
vital, when they receive incentive to plant
eucalyptus
forests
in their lands.
As newcomers,
they may bring
some ingenuity and lack of knowledge
that may represent errors, impacting
negatively
in the
quality of
their forest stands
and associated natural
resources. Be aware of this.
Key
point number 17: It is very important to understand
and to know the differences
and
particular features
for each
type of
vegetation, each soil class,
each water regime, etc. We are plenty
of knowledge
to plant eucalyptus forests with
minimum environmental impacts
to soil
and to waters. The previous planning
to the
eco-forest mosaic establishment
may represent significant
gains in environmental
quality. We need
to work our plans for production
and conservation, at the same
time. By
evaluating different alternatives,
we may minimize the negative
impacts and
to power
the positive
ones. Each
situation has
its own peculiarities,
and they need proper and optimized
plans for managing plantation
forests and the
associated ecosystems.
Thus, there is demand
for knowledge
and commitments in the operation
areas of the
forest-based companies. No doubts
about.
Key
point number 18: The following wills are vital in
the water
management for
eucalyptus plantation
forests:
• we wish that the rain water infiltrates the soil to reach the groundwater,
refilling it. This groundwater will later give origin to springs,
fountains, streams, swamps, lakes and rivers;
• we wish to avoid water leaving our forest area in the form of turbulent
and torrential run-offs, carrying soil richness;
• we wish that the real evapotranspiration be reduced to sound levels;
• we wish that soil, plants, and water be complements to each other,
in a way that water will be
available to plants, to soil, to the associated biology, to the springs, rivers,
etc.
Key
point number 19: There is a fantastic dynamism in the
system comprising plant/soil/water.
Thanks to science,
commitment and good will it is possible
to define healthier and sounder
plans
for managing
eucalyptus
plantation forests with the
maximum eco-efficiency on the
utilization of natural resources. These
are the forest-based industry targets.
Through continuous monitoring
it
is also possible
to better understand the behavior of
each component of the eco-forest mosaic:
riparian forests, permanent preserved
areas, natural ecosystems preserved as legal
reserves,
eucalyptus productive forests,
water in soil, etc.
There are many new
techniques being used to
favor the health of this complex
mosaic: agro-ecological zoning, landscape
planning, soil conservative management,
segregation and distribution of eucalyptus
and natural resources in the mosaic
area, minimum tillage, leveled
tillage and leveled planting, leveled
terraces construction, mineral
and organic fertilization, biological
control of
pests and diseases,
road planning and
construction to favor
water retention and infiltration,
preservation of forest residues
at the forest site to enrich the soil
surface with moisture and nutrients, catchment
monitoring, etc.
There is a
bunch of associated
sciences to allow the optimization of
this complex system involving plant/soil/water.
We may still
be ingenuous
in relation to
all knowledge
to be
obtained with Nature. However, we are
learning fast, and with good will. All these sciences
are recent
to us, a
few decades
of research.
We are
plenty of room for further
improvements and optimizations.
Key
point number 20: Good will, dialogue, determination,
commitment and hardwork
will allow
the right balance in the eco-forest
system. No doubts: the
next decade eucalyptus planted forests will
be
better than the ones being
planted today. We have a continuous
improvement orientation. It is time to
break
this trend of continuous deterioration
in the natural
resources.
The benefits
will be divided between
all: society receiving
goods and services to the needs; environment
protected and diversified. Each unity
of this system playing its role and
its part
with
wisdom
and responsibility.
Sure,
we are
still not
so close
to the ideal point, but
we are
determined to learn more and more.
It is also combining
the divergences
that we
may find
better
convergence. Eucalyptus
planted forests are already a part of the Brazilian
ecosystems.
We need to continuously
improve the
forest
productivity at the same
time we need simultaneously improvements
in the
environmental health.
Eucalyptus rusticity, productive
ability, ability to interact with other
ecosystems, and
capacity to generously
offer
products to
Mankind: these are points
we
need to value. After all, these trees
offer their
cells and their bodies
to the benefit of society.
It is already time to better
understand this. To the eucalyptus
we need
to dedicate respect,
justice and thanks. To
those opposing them, we ask: patience and time
for better
scientific development, and help
to
build a better
silviculture,
a better forestry, and
a better eco-forest system.
Eucalyptus
Online Book & Newsletter are technical information texts written
and made available free of charge to all people involved with the
forestry and utilization of the eucalyptus. It depends only on registering
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Technical coordination - Celso Foelkel
celso@celso-foelkel.com.br
Webmaster / editing - Alessandra Foelkel
Celsius Degree: Phone (+55-51) 3338-4809
Copyright © 2005-2007
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