Editorial
Dear friends,Here we are again, with another issue of our Eucalyptus Newsletter to provide to you valuable information about the eucalyptus. In this issue, we are again bringing to you something new. It consists in a new section, where we will present a condensation of talks with my dear friend Alberto Mori. In this dialogue and debate, we intend to take advantage of all Mori's expertise in the field of paper manufacturing and specialty papers properties. The intention is to better understand the advantages of the eucalyptus for different paper grades. We will start with unusual paper grades as filter, decor, cigarettes, supercalendered, coated, and other papers. One paper grade at a time. We are calling this section as "A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Made with Eucalyptus Fibers". I'm sure that it will be rewarding to you all.
In the section "The Friends of the Eucalyptus" we are telling the professional life, scientific production, and career of one of the world's most renowned expert on fibers for papermaking: our dear friend Dr. Robert Paul Kibblewhite. Paul is definitively a legend, a myth and a patrimony to the pulp and paper sector. I'm very proud to have had the chance to introduce him to you.
Another issue that I'm bringing again to you is about "Costs and Profits in the Eucalyptus Wood Production by Coppice/Clear Cutting Forest Management". Also, in other section in this newsletter, I'm widening the issue about BATs ("Best Available Techniques") to the manufacture of bleached kraft eucalyptus pulp. Both issues have been exhaustibly covered for your reading. Several valuable euca-links are also presented for even further updating you in these two topics.
In this issue, we are also bringing to you the fifth chapter of our Eucalyptus Online Book. The title of this chapter (only in Portuguese till now) is:"SOLID WASTES GENERATED IN THE EUCALYPTUS KRAFT PULP PRODUCTION. Part 01: Fibrous organic wastes"
The English translations for chapters 04 and 05 are on the way, please, wait a little more. The mini-article of this newsletter closes my comments about the water consumption and water cycle closure in the production of eucalyptus bleached kraft pulp. Since the past mini-article about water consumption, I have received many comments from readers, asking for additional information on this theme. For this reason, I decided to bring a complement on this issue, and some other suggestions. Evething very feasible and sound. My suggestions are very applicable to many mills, it is just a question of reflections and actions.
As you may notice, I'm placing a lot of efforts in environmental issues and pulp production. This is a key point nowadays. I hope to be bringing my contribution to the forestry and pulp and paper segments. I'm being quite strong and positive on this. My purpose is that the eucalyptus pulp and paper production continues to grow in an environmentally sound way in the direction of the dreamed sustainability.
As we are used to do, in this newsletter issue, we are bringing a lot of interesting subjects about the eucalyptus. The purpose is to offer knowledge in a way that you may learn more, and to enjoy doing such. For this, we are forcing you, in some extent, to navigate the web to grab as much on good information as possible. We also offer good articles, and recommendations of books and interesting events.In case you are not registered yet to receive free-of-charge the Eucalyptus Newsletters and the chapters of the Eucalyptus Online Book, I suggest you to do it through the following link: Click here for registration.
We have now several non financial supporting partners to the Eucalyptus Online Book & Newsletter: TAPPI, IPEF, SIF, CeluloseOnline, CETCEP/SENAI, RIADICYP, TECNICELPA, ATCP Chile, Appita, CENPAPEL, TAPPSA. They are helping to disseminate our efforts in favor of the eucalyptus in countries as Brazil, USA, Chile, Portugal, Colombia, Argentina, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. However, thanks to the world wide web, in reality they are helping to promote our project to the entire world. Thanks very much to our partners for believing in what we are doing. Know more about all of our today’s partners at the URL address: http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/partners.html
Thanks again for the support to our work. I beg your help to inform about and to promote our project to your friends , in case you feel these publications may be helpful to them. Please, accept my personal thanks, and also the gratitude from ABTCP, BOTNIA, ARACRUZ and partners.Our best wishes to all of you, and please enjoy your reading.
Celso Foelkel
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br
http://www.abtcp.org.br
Eucalyptus Online Book Chapter 05 in Portuguese
Online Technical References
References on Events and Courses
Online Technical Journals
Best Available Techniques to the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Pulp - (a continuation on this topic)
Costs and Profits in the Eucalyptus Wood Production by Coppice / Clear Cutting Forest Management
The Friends of the Eucalyptus - Dr. Robert Paul Kibblewhite
New section: A Talk with Alberto Mori about the Papers Made with Eucalyptus FibersTechnical mini-article by Celso Foelkel
Closing Water Cycle for Further Reductions on Water Consumption in the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Bleached Kraft Pulp
Eucalyptus Online Book Chapter 05
(in Portuguese)
This chapter in English will soon be released. Thanks for the patience.
"SOLID WASTES GENERATED IN THE EUCALYPTUS KRAFT PULP PRODUCTION. Part 01: Fibrous organic wastes"
In this section, we are offering some very good euca-links with relevant publications available in the virtual world wide web library. You have only to click the URLs addresses to open the documents and/or to save them. Since they are references, we are not responsible for the opinion of the corresponding authors. However, believe me, they are valuable references that should be watched carefully, since they are very much connected with the eucalyptus. In this section, we are trying to balance recent and historical publications, those that are helping to build the foundations and the history of the eucalyptus forestry, environment, industrial utilization, and many other areas related to these magic trees.
An UNICAMP Master Dissertation about Genomics in Brazil (Portuguese)
Redes de pesquisa em genomica no Brasil : politicas publicas e estrategias privadas frente a programas de sequenciamento genetico. (Research networks on genomic in Brazil : public policies and private strategies toward genetic sequencing programs). E. L. Dias. Master Dissertation. UNICAMP - University of Campinas. 225 pp. (2006)
http://libdigi.unicamp.br/document/?code=vtls000389496An Online Book about Field Pests and Diseases of the Eucalyptus (Spanish)
Manual de campo. Plagas y enfermedades de eucaliptos y pinus en Uruguay. (Field handbook. Pests and diseases of eucalyptus and pines in Uruguay). Ministerio de Ganaderia, Agricultura y Pesca de Uruguay. 173 pp. (2006)
http://www.mgap.gub.uy/Forestal/FaoManualdeCampo.pdfProceedings of the Symposium Genomics for Future Forests (English)
Genomics for future forests. Canadian Symposium. Natural Resources Canada. 83 pp. (2006)
http://www.gnobb.org/Forest_genomics[1].pdf
2006 ABRAF Statistics - Associacao Brasileira dos Produtores de Florestas Plantadas - Brazilian Association of the Planted Forests Producers (Portuguese and English)
Statistical Yearbook ABRAF Base year 2006. Publication 2007 (English)
http://www.abraflor.org.br/estatisticas/yearbook-ABRAF-2007.pdf
Anuario Estatistico ABRAF Ano Base 2006. Publicacao 2007 (Portuguese)
http://www.abraflor.org.br/estatisticas/anuario-ABRAF-2007.pdf
Proceedings of the Wood Fibre Cell Wall Structure Conference - Building a cell wall (English)
A publication by The Finnish Forest Research Institute, University of Helsinki & Cost Action E20 Working Group. 85 pp. (2003)
http://www.woodwisdom.fi/content/Old_Pdf/proceedings.pdf?from=-18778937501141660
An USP PhD Thesis about Eco-efficiency in the Pulp and Paper Industry (Portuguese)
Eco-eficiencia na industria de celulose e papel - Estudo de caso. (Eco-efficiency in the pulp and paper industry - A case study). Z.C.Piotto. University of Sao Paulo. 379 pp. (2003)
http://www.teclim.ufba.br/site/material_online/teses/tese_zeila_c_piotto.pdf
An Online Book about Changes in the Land Utilization (English and Spanish)
Land use, land use change and forestry. R.T.Watson; I.R.Noble; B.Bolin; N.H.Ravindranath; D.J.Verardo; D.J.Dokken. IPCC Report - Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/spmpdf/srl-e.pdf (English)
http://www.grida.no/climate/ipcc/spmpdf/srl-s.pdf (Spanish)
A FAO Online Book about Forest Biotechnology (English)
Biotechnology in forest tree improvement. R.Haines. FAO Forestry Paper 118. (1994)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t2114e/T2114E00.htm#TOC
FAO State of the World's Forests Reports (English, Spanish and French)
State of the World's Forests Reports (from 1994 till 2007 annual reports). FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization
http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/38935/en
http://www.fao.org/forestry/site/sofo/en
An Online Article about Eucalyptus Cloning (Portuguese)
Clonagem de Eucalyptus sp. (Cloning of Eucalyptus sp.). A.Araujo. Federal University of Vicosa.
http://www.ufv.br/dbg/bioano01/div17.htm
References on Events and Courses
Symposium on System Analysis in Forest Resources (English)
An event organized by Pacific Northwest Research Station, Rocky Mountain Research Station, US Forest Service. Edited by M.Bevers; T.M.Barrett. The symposium covers forest economy, planning and management. (2003)
http://www.fs.fed.us/pnw/publications/gtr656II Latin American Symposium on Forest Management and Economics (English and Spanish)
An event organized by CTFC - Centro de Tecnologia Florestal da Catalunha, also about forest economy, planning and management. (2004)
http://www.gruponahise.com/simposio/eng/index.htmlIIII Simposio Ibero Americano de Gestao e Economia Florestal - III Iberian American Symposium on Forest Management and Economics (English and Portuguese)
Organized by IPEF - Instituto de Pesquisas e Estudos Florestais (Institute of Forest Research and Studies). It really pays to navigate in the papers, have a look. (2005)
http://www.ipef.br/eventos/siagef/programacao.asp
I Seminar on Forest Hydrology - Riparian Zones (Portuguese)
Organized by the Federal University of Santa Catarina. 157 pp. (2003)
http://www.labhidro.ufsc.br/Eventos/I%20SHF/ZONAS%20RIPARIAS-versao%20final-revisao2.pdfOnline PowerPoint Course "From forests to fibers" by Dr. Hasan Jameel (English)
A kind offer from North Carolina State University, Pulp and Paper Science Program. There are many excellent slides to the beginners in this topic. (2002)
http://www.cfr.ncsu.edu/wps/k12activities/ppts/forest
Online PowerPoint Course "Major pulp tests" by Dr. Hasan Jameel (English)
A North Carolina State University course about the fundamental tests to determine the quality of a pulp. (2002)
http://www.cfr.ncsu.edu/wps/k12activities/ppts/major
Online PowerPoint Course "Papermaking: fibers into paper" by Dr. Ethan K. Andrews (English)
A North Carolina State University course about the fundamentals of papermaking. (2002)
http://www.cfr.ncsu.edu/wps/k12activities/ppts/papermakingCOST E32 Events - "Characterization of Paper Surfaces for Improved Printing Grades" (English)
The COST E32 has a very rich webpage. It is housed by the PFI - Paper and Fiber Research Institute, in Norway. In this page we may find the presentations of several COST E32 events that took place in European cities since 2003. COST is the acronym for European Cooperation in the Field of Science and Technical Research, with several working groups in different science and technology fields. Fortunately to us, they have a working group on printing papers and their surface quality. Please, visit the several events and check the "Presentations".
http://www.pfi.no/gary/COSTE32.htm
Also visit the PFI website:
http://www.pfi.no/index.htmA Chilean Modular Course to the Certification of Labor Competence of Forest Workers (Spanish)
Excellent online course offered by CORMA - Corporacion Chilena de la Madera, Bio Bio Division. An example to be pursued.
http://www.cormabiobio.cl/6accionar/departamentos/certi2004/index.htmhttp://www.cormabiobio.cl/6accionar/departamentos/certi2004/doc.htm
Forest Forum in the State of Rio Grande do Sul (Portuguese)
A great event organized by the Uniao Nacional dos Engenheirandos Florestais and by Floresta Junior - Federal University of Santa Maria. Congratulations to this new harvest of young and entrepreneur Brazilian forest engineers.
http://coralx.ufsm.br/unef
http://coralx.ufsm.br/unef/palestras.zip
Here, we are bringing to you a selection of excellent online journals with connection to the eucalyptus. In these journals, you may freely download articles or read the news, without the need of memberships, passwords or payments. They are journals or article collections at our hands (or eyes), available to all those wondering to read and to learn more about forestry, environment, pulp, paper, woods, and eucalyptus, surely. Please, go the the search tool in each journal, and type "Eucalyptus". Then, have a look in the result. In this way, many times you may find valuable technical material. To the editors of these journals, our most sincere appreciation and thanks. We hope many other journals may join forces to this scientific and technical knowledge chain.
Silva Fennica
http://www.metla.fi/silvafennica
A technical and scientific journal edited by The Finnish Society of Forest Science and The Finnish Forest Research Institute. Articles in English.
Paper 360º
http://www.paper360.org/paper360http://www.paper360.org/paper360/issue/issueList.jsp?id=1824
Formerly, this magazine was named Solutions, and edited by TAPPI - Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry, and PIMA - Paper Industry Management Association. Recently, Questex Media took the publication to their responsibility, in an agreement with TAPPI and PIMA. The journal keeps a link with both associations. It is a very nice and good reading magazine, with articles, interviews, news and information about the pulp and paper industry. Edited in English, with free web access.
Floresta e Ambiente
http://www.ufrrj.br/institutos/if/revista/index.htm
Scientific magazine of the Instituto de Florestas da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (Institute of Forestry - Rural Federal University of Rio de Janeiro). Edited in Portuguese, with English abstracts.Bioresources
http://www.ncsu.edu/bioresources
Online scientific journal of North Carolina State University. It is oriented to studies about biomass, bioenergy, paper, pulp, and lignocellulosic materials. It is an excellent journal, with several papers from Brazilian scientists. Publication in English.Bosques y Desarrollo
http://www.ici.edu.uy/perfil5.htmhttp://www.ici.edu.uy/perfilBOSQUES.htm
An online journal about forest issues edited by ICI - Instituto de Ciencia e Investigacion do Uruguai (Institute of Science and Research of Uruguay). Articles are preferably in Spanish, but you may also find articles in English and Portuguese, depending on the sources.
Mi Papel
http://mipapel.cmpc.cl
Internal online publication of the company CMPC Chile. It brings fresh information about the different CMPC businesses. Publication in Spanish.
Best Available Techniques to the Manufacture of Eucalyptus Pulp
(a continuation on this topic)
In a recent Eucalyptus Newsletter, I presented my personal vision about what I consider to be modern, feasible and state-of-the-art in terms of available technologies and best environmental practices to the manufacture of bleached eucalyptus kraft pulp and paper (http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/newseng_mar07.html#quatorze). This topic is something very attractive and deserves a lot of attention. There are several pulp mills that have recently been or are still being built in countries as Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, China, Indonesia, etc. In all cases, the objective should be oriented to the construction of modern mills, with the best available technologies. This is valid for operational efficiency in production and environmental protection. But, what are the best available techniques? Which are the signals of the technological state-of-the-art? Where to find information about these topics? Who could provide reliable and updated information about what could be considered minimum environmental impact pulp and paper mills? How to know whether or not the new pulp and paper mills being built are really based on BATs? For this reason, I decided to bring more information on this topic. The purpose is to offer to all stakeholders, a valuable source of information and references about the "BATs" (Best Available Techniques or Technologies) ou "ESTs" (Environmentally Sound Technologies) to the pulp and paper industry . The euca-links may be accessed and the issue better understood. Also, the existing mills may have a chance to search the BATs for their modernization projects and better environmental performances. This kind of information is also valid to several niches of the general society, to better understand about the pulp and paper industry, and about the care of such industry on environment preservation. I consider also important that these documents may become a source of realistic references to the government control agencies. Having them at the hands, they may better evaluate the level of the impacts of the pulp and paper mills they are responsible for controlling and/or licensing.
Before presenting the list of references, I suggest you to have a look in a questionnaire I have prepared as a check list to identify the technological stage of a bleached kraft pulp mill. It allows the identification of the technological stage of any kraft pulpmill. After grabbing the information about key areas in the mill, you may search the sectorial benchmarks. By a detailed evaluation of each of the suggested areas, you may reach the conclusion about whether or not the mill has a BAT or a EST in each of these areas. The benchmarks you may obtain reading the suggested euca-links in this section.
See Celso Foelkel's questionnaire at:
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/BATs%20%20Environmentally%20Sound%20Technologies.doc
The most traditional document to define the BATs to the pulp and paper industry is the BREF, developed by EIPPCB. By BREF you may understand the term as being "Reference Document on BAT - Best Available Techniques in the Pulp and Paper Industry". The EIPPCB (European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau) is the European Union technical committee to work on issues on prevention and controlling industrial pollution. This BREF reference document was delivered on December 2001, it has already 6 years of age. The development of the document happened along 2000 and 2001. The techniques, suggested benchmarks and references are those from that time. The EIPPCB has already an agenda for updating this document till November 2008, when a new version is expected to be released.
BREF December 2001 - EIPPCB - in English (alternative websites for download)
ftp://ftp.jrc.es/pub/eippcb/doc/ppm_bref_1201.pdf
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/13/12193.pdf
http://www.ecologic-events.de/sevilla1/en/documents/Suhr_en.PDFFor following up the updating process of the pulp and paper BREF, please visit:
http://eippcb.jrc.es/pages/twg/pp/documents/pp_mr_0107.pdf
There are several official publications from the EIPPCB and also many available articles commenting the BREF. A country that pays a lot of attention on the BREF, BATs and ESTs is Finland. There are several papers about these topics by the Finnish. There are sound reasons for this: Finland has today the most advanced development of technologies and machinery suppliers to the pulp and paper industry. Finland is also very strong in terms of pulp and paper production. Several Finnish companies are world leading producers in distinct market segments of this business, with mills located both in Scandinavia and throughout the world.
Please, find some references about the BREF, BATs and ESTs in the following links:
The Impact of Best Available Techniques (BAT) in the Competitiveness of European Industry. D.Hitchens; F.Farrell; J.Lindblom; U.Triebswetter. European Comission, Report EUR 20133 EN. 120 pp. (2001)
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/environment/reports_studies/studies/bat.pdf
Best Available Techniques in European Environmental Legislation: the case of Finland. A.R.Lindgren. Congress ABTCP/PI (2005)
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/BATin%20Finland%202005.pdf
Techniques to Consider in the Determination of BAT.
http://aida.ineris.fr/bref/brefpap/bref_pap/english/bref_gb_kraft_technique.htm
Emerging Techniques. 7 pp.
http://natura.minenv.gr/batelv/Docs/Paper_making_ET.PDF
Continuum - Rethinking BAT Emissions of the Pulp and Paper Industry in the European Union. P.Nilsson; K.Puurunen; P.Vasara; T.Jouttijarvi. Finnish Environment Report 12/2007. 41 pp. (2007)
http://www.environment.fi/download.asp?contentid=65130&lan=en
A Strategic Concept for Best Available Techniques in the Forest Industry. P.Vasara; H.Jappinen; L.Lobbas. Finnish Environment Report 425. 75 pp. (2001)
http://www.ymparisto.fi/download.asp?contentid=10759&lan=en
Driving Forces for Environmentally Sounder Innovations. The case of the Finnish pulp and paper industry. P.Kivimaa; P.Mickwitz. Berlin Conference on the Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change. 25 pp. (2003)
http://www.environment.fi/download.asp?contentid=10823&lan=EN
Evaluation of Environmenal Cross-Media and Economic Aspects in Industry - Finnish BAT expert case study. P.Vasara; K.Silvo; P.Nilsson; L.Peuhkuri; A.Perrels. Finnish Environment Report 528. 117 pp. (2002)
http://www.environment.fi/download.asp?contentid=10778&lan=EN
IPPC General Principles of Monitoring. EIPPCB Report. 123 pp. (2003)
http://www.environment.fi/download.asp?contentid=9547&lan=FI
IPPC Sector Guidance: pulp and paper. EIPPCB S6.01. 108 pp. (2000)
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/commondata/acrobat/ippcpulp.pdf
IPPC Sector Guidance: pulp and paper - Applicant version. EIPPCB S6.01e. 52 pp. (2000)
http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/444304/444635/1778182/107293/?version=1&lang=_e
Environmental Performance, Regulations and Technologies in the Pulp and Paper Industry. Ekono strategic study. Brochure. 5 pp. (2005) - Study to be obtained through Ekono.
http://www.ekono.com/toc2005.PDF
Independent Advice on the Development of Environmental Guidelines for Any New Bleached Kraft Pulp Mill in Tasmania. BECA/AMEC & RPDC, Tasmania, Australia. 53 pp. (2004)
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/66344/Study_Report_Exec_summary.pdf
El Futuro de la Produccion de Celulosa y las Tecnicas de Produccion mas Favorables para el Medio Ambiente. Greenpeace Argentina. 48 pp. (2006)
http://www.greenpeace.org/raw/content/argentina/contaminaci-n/el-futuro-de-la-producci-n-de.pdf
Forest Products Technologies: energy savings via R&D. US Department of Energy. 24 pp.
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/forest/pdfs/forestsuccesses.pdf
Pulp and Paper Industry Energy Bandwidth Study Report. Jacobs & IPST. 116 pp. (2006)
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/industry/forest/pdfs/doe_bandwidth.pdf
Emission Scenario Document on Non-Integrated Paper Mills. OECD - Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Environmental, health and safety publications. 36 pp. (2006)
http://appli1.oecd.org/olis/2006doc.nsf/43bb6130e5e86e5fc12569fa005d004c/
753632193d56d945c1257109004ce598/$FILE/JT00200408.PDFEnvironmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Auditing in the Pulp and Paper Industry. FAO Forestry Paper 129. (1996)
http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/v9933e/V9933E00.HTM#TOC
Two other important sources for defining BATs to the pulp and paper industry are the Stockholm Convention on POPs (Persistent Organic Pollutants), and the series of documents about environment, occupational safety and health from IFC - International Finance Corporation, a World Bank Organization.
About the IFC series, the former document issued in 1998 is being replaced by a new one. The new version (June 2007) is in the draft format, being submitted for comments by stakeholders.
The former document from 1998 may still be accessed at:
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook - Pulp and paper mills. IFC. 6 pp. (1998)
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/enviro.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/gui_pulp_WB/$FILE/pulp_PPAH.pdf
The new document, in an updated and new version is available at:
Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines - Pulp and paper mills. IFC. 31 pp. (2007)
http://ifc.org/ifcext/policyreview.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/EHS_Draft_PulpandPaper/$FILE/
IFC+Draft+-+Pulp+and+Paper+-+June+15++2007.pdf
Finally, the Stockholm Convention on POPs presented several industrial segment technologies, and proposals for improvements as regards to the POPs generation and elimination. Several websites about the Convention have being released to the public.
http://www.pops.int
http://www.oztoxics.org/cmwg/introduction/stockholm%20convention.html
http://www.oztoxics.org/waigani/pops/conve_c4.html
Many papers related to the Stockholm Convention and the POPs have being released to the public. UNEP - The United Nations Environment Programme also has important contributions on the POPs. Some of these relevant documents may be obtained in links as those presented below:
Stockholm Convention on POPs - Article 5. Annex C - Measures to reduce or eliminate releases from unintentional production
http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/66301/Appendix_C_-_Article_5__and__Annex_C_of_SC.pdf
Guidelines on Best Available Techniques and Provisional Guidance on Best Environmental Practices. Stockholm Convention on POPs. Working Group. Advanced Draft. 317 pp. (2004)
http://www.baselpretoria.org.za/Documents/Draft-BAT-BEP.pdf
http://www.pops.int/documents/batbep_advance/Draft-BAT-BEP-Dec-2004advancefinal.pdf
Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Furans Releases. UNEP Draft Document. 194 pp. (2001)
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pdf/toolkit/toolkit.pdf
Standardized Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Dioxins and Furans Releases. UNEP Final Document. 253 pp. (2005)
http://www.chem.unep.ch/pops/pcdd_activities/toolkit/Toolkit%202-1%20version/Toolkit-2005_2-1_en.pdf
Today, there is an enormous movement among rural farmers in considering eucalyptus for plantations. Many investors and farmers are really willing to go to this potentially profitable business. There is a projection for reasonable economic gains with the forestry activity. On the other hand, there is a great level of lack on knowledge in simple issues as: how to plant? how to manage? where to obtain good quality seedlings? how to get the licenses for planting and harvesting? and mainly: which are the potential economic results of such activity? I am receiving many comments and questions about these topics in my website www.celso-foelkel.com.br. We definitively have a lack of information to the regular people, the newcomers in the business. Some sources are informing very high profitability to the eucalyptus plantation forests, even difficult to be achieved. This may lead to frustration to farmers, in case they go planting eucalyptus anticipating huge results. Also, the silvicultural activity involves risks. The final economic results depend on the weather, on the silvicultural techniques, the genetic material being used, on the attacks of pests or diseases, on forest fires, etc. It is very important to be acquainted to the forest technologies, to have good genetic material and a good definition about the type of forest management to be adopted. There are several possibilities: to harvest the forest in a clear cutting in an early age (7 years in Brazil) or to manage the forest by adopting thinning at intermediate ages, saving the best trees to a final harvest, later. This second management gives more valuable wood, but the majority of the income is delayed to the end of the cycle. Another option is to adopt agroforestry, a combination of plantations of trees with agricultural crops or pastures for cattle growing. Each of these selected forest management may provide you a different result, and associated risks. The timing for income inputs also may vary from one option to another.For all these reasons, I strongly recommend to all farmers who may be willing to start in this business to place an effort on studying and reading the subject, as much as possible. There are many options, and you may find valuable websites and books with considerations about forestry for the eucalyptus plantations. However, be careful, there are also information sources not so reliable. When we are considering the potential economic gains of the plantation forests, each possibility demands for an economic evaluation. This is because different cash flows lead to different financial results. It is very important to dialogue, to understand the steps, and to be very realistic, in some cases, even conservative. Sound figures and reliable financial analyses may provide you the required information for taking the best decisions.
In many cases, the forest planter may be willing to have a fast income, and to harvest the forest by clear cutting at the age 7, as usual in Brazil. In case he adopts a poor forest technology, with bad quality seedlings, no fertilization, no combat to weeds, ants and other pests, etc, his productivity will be very poor. It will be very difficult to reach the dreamed values of 40 to 45 m³/ha.year. There are cases that even doing everything right, with good forest productivity, the farmers face problems to sell the wood: how to sell? to whom? what are the market prices? which is the minimum price to pay his costs and to give him some profit? how to sell the wood? Harvested wood? Standing tree forest? Each situation will give him new costs and changes the economic results, for better or for worse. For this reason, it is very important that the rural farmers be used to financial mathematics calculations. A clear understanding and definitions of all business steps are vital. For all these, please, when in the business, read a lot, search for benchmarks, try to adopt the best forest technologies and best genetic materials. Also, value each dollar you spend, and work the cash flow for a final good result. Don't try to save money in things that are to damage your growth yield. The economic result is very sensitive to the final harvested volume of wood. Remember, the cost/benefit ratio is more important than the cost.In Brazil, any farmer who has a land has options for its use. One of the options is to rent or to lease the land to another farmer or to a large scale agricultural company. The land may be leased for planting soybean, sugar cane, corn, planted forests, etc. The leased land may provide a sum of money to the farmer. This money has no risk, as far there are good guarantees in the leasing contract. The land owner has only to care about a good use of the land, without soil degradation and exhaustion. Let's call this money received for the rental as "land rental result". This value corresponds to a payment to the money invested by the landowner to purchase and to preserve the land. It is very fair to be considered in the financial evaluations. Let's consider a value of 100 US$ per hectare per year for the potential rental/leasing of the land (an example in Brazil). On the other hand, let's suppose that the farmer decides for planting an eucalyptus forest. Any money he spends to plant the forest could be saved and invested in a saving account in his favorite bank. It is a conservative investment, with close to nil risks. In the year 2007, in Brazil, a conservative investment in a saving account pays you 8% of interest rate per year. As a consequence of these two factors: a planted forest must reward the land and the spent capital, do you agree? The final result shall consider the remuneration of the land (rental/leasing) and the financial result for the invested capital.
Many forest-based companies in Brazil have a forest management that considers the replacement of the planted forest by another one when the original forest is harvested at the age 7. The purpose is to replace the forest by another more productive one, and with better wood quality. In 7 years, the foresters in the leading companies are able to find more valuable genetic materials in their breeding programs. The rural farmers may not be interested in doing such. They are to replace the forest just in case the productivity be very poor. The eucalyptus may be managed by coppicing: the trees may sprout after harvesting. A second generation of trees may be harvested in 7 years ahead, again, and again. It all depends on the quality of the forest stand and in the ability of maintaining it productive by good management and silvicultural practices.
Let's admit some assumptions for our preliminary financial evaluation. This will be a very simple example, just to give to rural farmers a model to use. All costs will be placed in US$, for better understanding of the international readers. Costs and incomes are to be presented in dollars per hectare. The costs are very similar to those in force in Brazil, for a high quality silviculture
Option 2: the farmer (or the forester) decides to leave the forest for another rotation, even knowing that the forest yield will be somewhat lower due to some trees that will die. Let's admit that the forest growth rate for the second rotation will be 35 m³/ha.year. The second harvesting will be kept at the age 7, as in the first rotation. Since the trees will not be so large in diameter, the bark content was assumed to grow to 15%. Poorer the forests, higher the bark content. In the first year of the second rotation, the farmer will spend 600 US$/hectare in activities as fertilization, combat to weeds, soil protection, etc. Furthermore, the usual values for land rental and forest maintenance will be applicable, as well.Let's make the financial projections for these two case studies. The purpose in both cases is to discover the price of the wood that pays the investment in terms of a discount rate of 8%, and a land rental of 100 US$/hectare.year. What we need to do is to find a wood price that brings the NPV - Net Present Value to be zero. Any price that do not reach this value is not remunerating the land and the capital as it should be. Values above are paying better than the assumed 8% for the discount rate. To the investor, it is very important to know these figures.
The results may be easily obtained using any calculating machine, you do not need to have a financial calculator to do this. However, in case you have, it makes your exercise simpler and faster. Cash flows were simulated for the two selected options.
Results for Option 1: The price for selling the wood in the standing forest should be the equivalent to 15,3 US$ per cubic meter of wood with bark, standing trees, no costs involved with the harvesting. In case the option be to sell the wood with no bark, the price for the debarked wood has to be 17,4 US$ / m³ of debarked wood, but considered in the standing forest. This is due to the fact that wood is only 88% on the trees.
Results for Option 2: In this case, the price for selling the wood has to be a minimum of 13,2 US$ per cubic meter with bark in the standing forest. For debarked wood, the value grows to 15,5 US$ per cubic meter.
The methodology is very simple, we need to find the price for the wood that generates a null NPV- Net Present Value. We do this by attempts, changing the prices and checking the NPV. In case we are able to find a better price than the one calculated for zero NPV, we may work to discover the IRR - Internal Return Rate. This will be the new rate of discount that is being applicable to your cash flow. In case we get 15% for example, we are gaining more results than keeping the money in the bank saving account. It depends on you to take the decision to invest and to take the risks.For a better understanding of the wood market prices in Brazil, there are some available sources to be searched. One is the website of CEPEA - Center of Advanced Studies in Applied Economy - ESALQ/USP at:
http://www.cepea.esalq.usp.br/florestal/?id_page=481.Another possibility is to visit the REMADE forestry portal at: http://www.remade.com.br/pt/ind_preco_mad.php
Dear friends, please make sound analyses and good reflections to be the bases for your decisions on going to this new business. You may make good money, but you also may lose money: it depends a lot on you. This fact is inherent to any type of business. In case of bad decisions and not using appropriate technologies, you may lose even more than you have spent. You need patience, wisdom, knowledge and good practices. Our eucalyptus trees grow very well, but they need care. We also need to provide the conditions they need for this growth.
Following these discussions, I'm bringing to you a large list of euca-links, with selected articles that may be obtained in the online literature. They are in Portuguese and Spanish. Most of them deal with eucalyptus plantation costs and profits. There are many cases of different forest management, you must be careful on reading them.
In the previous Eucalyptus Newsletter number 03, I had already presented to you some of these articles (http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/newseng_jan06.html#oito). Now, since the topic is very hot and demanded, I decided to offer a long list, with many more references for your reading. Pay a lot of attention to each case, try to identify those more similar to your situation. Time is money, please use your time to make more money, OK? Just in case, a financial maths calculator is a good purchasing. The price is negligible in comparison to the costs for planting a forest.Please, visit the euca-links below, although most of then are written in Portuguese or Spanish. However, you may find abstracts in English:
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v27n5/a11v27n5.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v28n3/21602.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/rarv/v29n3/a09v29n3.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-67622003000500011
http://sbrt.ibict.br/upload/sbrt1031.pdf
http://sbrt.ibict.br/upload/sbrt1452.html
http://www.cnpf.embrapa.br/arquivos/Planilha_Eucalipto.pdf
http://bosques.cnpf.embrapa.br/node_embrapa/uploads/mwuxrvcwls.pdf
http://www.apacampinas.cnpm.embrapa.br/reflora.html
http://revistacientifica.famec.com.br/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=68&article=5&mode=pdf
http://revistacientifica.famec.com.br/ojs/viewarticle.php?id=5&layout=abstract
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/cerne/revistav3n1-1997/TAXDESC.PDF
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/cerne/revistav4n1-1998/art03.doc
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/cerne/Revistav12n3-2006/03%20artigo.pdf
http://www.dcf.ufla.br/cerne/Revistav13n1-2007/012%20Artigo.pdf
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/dias,an-m.pdf
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/dube,f.pdf
http://www.cepea.esalq.usp.br/florestal
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/ctecnica/nr141.pdf
http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr60/cap03.pdf
http://www.ipef.br/servicos/teses/arquivos/dias,an-m.pdf
http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11150/tde-15082003-150926/publico/vitor.pdf
http://www.ufsm.br/cienciaflorestal/artigos/v10n1/art1v10n1.pdf
http://www.ufsm.br/cienciaflorestal/artigos/v12n1/A13V12N1.pdf
ftp://ftp.sp.gov.br/ftpiea/ASP5-0194.pdf
http://cepa.epagri.sc.gov.br/agroindicadores/opiniao/analise_rentabilidade.htm
http://calvados.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs2/index.php/floresta/article/view/6451/4642
http://www.gruponahise.com/simposio/papers%20pdf/6%20Morais-Filho,A.D.pdf
http://www.cpgmne.ufpr.br/dissertacoes/D092_Mozart_Goncalves24062004.pdf
http://200.17.237.182/fupef2/master/includes/pages/artigos_download.php?art_id=1749
http://150.162.90.250/teses/PECV0320.pdf
http://www.mma.gov.br/estruturas/pnf/_arquivos/aracruz.pdf
http://redalyc.uaemex.mx/redalyc/pdf/488/48829612.pdf
http://forestbrazil.com/artigos/fanorpi1.pdf
http://www.scielo.br/pdf/eagri/v26n1/30093.pdf
http://www.cgu.unicamp.br/energia2020/papers/paper_Couto.pdf
http://www.feagri.unicamp.br/energia/biomassaenergia/cap4.pdf
http://www.chilenoticias.cl/revista_cifor/textos/e_nitens.pdf
Dr. R. Paul Kibblewhite is one of the most prominent and renowned names in the world of the pulp and paper technology. His career and his life have always been associated to challenges and the need to overcome them. Despite his difficulties with his eyes and the problems to see, Paul's wills to create, to innovate, to develop and to win were growing at the same time his vision was fading. A curious and unique situation: higher the difficulties, stronger the determination and better the achievements. An example to be followed.
Paul is, besides all, a captivating, charming and charismatic person. This is due both for his knowledge and skills, and because the fantastic human being he is. For these reasons, Paul is admired not only in New Zealand and Australia, but in all the pulp and paper world. His name is notably known in the area of paper physics and pulp fiber morphology.
Paul, as his preference to be called, was born in a small town in New Zealand, in Christchurch. Along the years of his early ages, his life was linked to the beauty of Nature, because the amazing surroundings in the place he grew up. This factor motivated him to study and to grow interest in issues as botany and natural sciences. Soon, he developed the interest to work with the New Zealand Forest Service, a dream he was able to accomplish still very young. As an option to his professional career, he decided to study Plant Science and Chemistry, obtaining his Bachelor of Science in 1965 through the University of Auckland. Immediately, he moved to United States of America, to work for the Master of Science degree at the Institute of Paper Chemistry, in Appleton, Wisconsin. The PhD at the same institute was a natural consequence oh his successes in his academic studies. His researches were oriented to the wood and fiber structure. He tried to combine his knowledge in fundamentals of botany and wood chemistry to the practical utilization of the trees, a sound match. Early before this, he had obtained his position at the New Zealand Forest Service. The organization soon had identified Paul's potentials and skills. For this reason, the NZ Forest Service has provided support and help to Paul's career development with the academic studies. When back to New Zealand, he was ready to grab a professional position as researcher at the FRI - Forest Research Institute, Forest Products Division, in Rotorua. The FRI was the forest and wood technology branch of the NZ Forest Service. In Rotorua, Paul could begin and to dedicate to the study of fibers, pulps and woods for pulping and papermaking. This was a sector considered to be vital to the country's development. His successes in the career and in the researches soon rewarded the investments made by the Forest Service with Paul's studies abroad. His technological and scientific contribution along the 40 years of professional career have been outstanding. Paul has never satisfied himself only with science: he always tried to combine science with the practical utilization of the woods and fibers. Based on this fact, he developed new technical ways to measure fiber attributes that could be strongly related to fiber uses for existing and new products. His attention was driven to species growing in forest plantations. These species could provide the needs for wood to the country development, helping to preserve the natural forests. Based on this principle, Paul placed many efforts to investigate the utilization for papermaking of several woods, mainly those from Pinus radiata, Acacia spp. and the most commonly planted eucalyptus in New Zealand: Eucalyptus nitens, E.fastigata, E.regnans and E.globulus. Although so close to Australia, the eucalyptus do not grow naturally in New Zealand, they need to be planted in man-made plantation forests. For this reason, the interest of developing these woods for industrial utilization. The potential of the eucalyptus for New Zealand was defined as very promising. As a consequence, special attention has been always provided by Paul and his research team in the evaluation of eucalyptus species with good potential to New Zealand.
Despite his practical sense, Paul has never discarded science and new knowledge development to explain his findings and to upgrade forest products. Paul was one of the first scientists to work the concept of fiber deformations ("kinks" and "curl") to differentiate fiber properties and to add new papermaking characteristics to them. He placed a hard working in searching new fiber attributes, new ways to evaluate pulps, in an attempt to diversify fiber uses.
Along his career, Paul was able to build a fantastic data bank about wood, fibers, pulps and papers. The knowledge he has in these issues has been the main reason for Paul's reputation, not only locally, but internationally. Paul is one of the most renowned and awarded scientists in New Zealand.
One of the most important phases of his career happened along the time when the FRI was converted to PAPRO - New Zealand Pulp and Paper Research Organization. The names Kibblewhite and PAPRO were so tightly linked that could be associated as name and surname. More recently, PAPRO has become a part of ENSIS, a R&D joint venture between the Australian CSIRO and the New Zealander SCION. In spite of the fact of so many managerial changes, Paul is still working at the same place, doing what he knows as few people in the world: research and development. Today, Paul is principal scientist of ENSIS in studies related to pulp fibers and uses for them (papers, fiber/cement composites, etc).
Today, Paul is also dedicating part of his time to transfer his accumulated knowledge in courses, speeches and seminars. He is doing this in several countries, as recently happened in Brazil and Chile. His professional career started with the natural forests, and later received an specialization in planted trees for commercial uses. His admiration and enthusiasm for the trees has always been the same, independently the way they have been planted.
Paul's main areas of expertise are the following:
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hardwood and softwood fibers and their attributes for papermaking;
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relationships between fiber fundamental properties and fibers multiple uses;
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development of new fiber products;
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improvements on fiber uses through forest tree breeding and industrial process variables optimization;
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comparisons and benchmarking for fibers and pulps;
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forest tree breeding for better fiber designing and wood engineering;
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consolidation of paper sheet and paper machine performance;
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pulp refining and effects on pulp fibers;
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pulp blends for the production of better quality papers;
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evaluations of papermaking furnishes, industrial process variables and quality of pulp and paper products;
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strong emphasis on developing and training people.
The results of his professional career are proved by his over 150 published papers, one patent, and over 250 consulting reports.
Some additional information about Dr. R. Paul Kibblewhite, his curriculum, his seminars and his scientific awards may be seen in the below mentioned links:Pulp fibre – from forest to paper end use. Course brochure. R.P.Kibblewhite
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/File%2017.pdfPulp fibres for the future. Symposium brochure. R.P.Kibblewhite.
http://www.celso-foelkel.com.br/artigos/outros/File%2018.ppt
R.P.Kibblewhite’s publication list 2006.