..:: EUCALYPTUS ONLINE BOOK ::..

All Eucalyptus have some percentage of essential oils in their leaves. This may be very easily noticed , just squeezing one of their leaves with the fingers. The odor is unique and nice. Some of these essential oils are valuable to medicine, and others to the manufacture of detergents, deodorants, candies, food, insecticides, fungicides, insect repellents, etc. This industry is very huge now, it is no longer an artisan work of distilling oils with steam at home. We have now specialized distilleries with their own cultivation of leaves in a typically managed plantation of Eucalyptus trees. It's definitively a growing business. The market for Eucalyptus essential oils is global, today you may feel the Eucalyptus odor everywhere in the world. It is something light, nice, that provides satisfaction and happiness.

Some species are known for having more percentage of oils than others. Some oils, due to their uses, are more valuable than others. Eucalyptus globulus, E.cinerea and Corymbia citriodora are some of the well-known species for being raw materials for this extraction. I'm providing a good number of euca-links this time. Some of these links were presented in the Eucalyptus Newsletter number 04, but I'm repeating them with many others. This is because the good number of people asking me questions about this Eucalyptus valuable utilization.

Honey Production from Eucalyptus

The Eucalyptus are able to have rich blossoming. The flowers have many anthers, pollen and nectar. These flowers are very much loved by honey bees, and they result in a delicious, abundant and nutritive honey. For this reason, always we have an Eucalyptus forest, we may have honey bee culture associated with. There are many farmers who are used to have partnerships with the forest based companies. The foresters allow farmers to use the Eucalyptus flowers by cultivating the bees, and they receive a certain amount of the produced honey. This honey received by the forest companies is in general used in social programs with the communities. This makes the Eucalyptus forests more attractive and productive. There are Eucalyptus species that yields many flowers, and others fewer. It is relatively known that Eucalyptus dunnii tress have few flowers and do not seed well in South America. For this reason, these forests are not recommended for this end-use. E.urograndis hybrid has in general many flowers, but more in forests established with seedlings obtained from seeds. The clones have flowers, but less than the more heterogeneous forests obtained from seeds. Clonal forests have small canopies, because they have been improved by genetics to be very efficient in terms of photosynthesis. There are clones very productive and with many flowers when they blossom, and others not as good for this purpose. For this reason, the production of flowers for honey bee cultivation is something to be upgraded by forest breeding, and not discarded as it is being in most of the forest improvements programs. The College of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, from the University of Sao Paulo, has a very wide program for developing non-wood products from Eucalyptus plantation forests. The name of the program is TUME - Test of Multiple Uses for Eucalyptus. You may visit the TUME websites at:

http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br

http://www.gfmo.esalq.usp.br/projetos.htm

http://www.esalq.usp.br/destaques.php?id=116.

There are many sources of online information's about the honey production from Eucalyptus forests. Some of them, we are offering as euca-links to you:

http://www.agrobit.com/Info_tecnica/alternativos/apicultura/AL_000012ap.htm (Spanish)

http://www.culturaapicola.com.ar/apuntes/floraapicola/aptitud%20melifera%20del%20eucaliptus.pdf (Spanish)

http://www.inta.gov.ar/concordia/info/indices/tematica/cd-manual-prod-eucaliptos/25.pdf (Spanish)

http://www.sada.org.ar/Articulos/Tecnicos/polinizacion_eucaliptus.htm (Spanish)

http://www.remade.com.br/revista/materia.php?edicao=75&id=393 (Portuguese)

http://www.scielo.br/pdf/cta/v22n2/a07v22n2.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.naturlink.pt/canais/Artigo.asp?iArtigo=139&iLingua=1 (Portuguese)

http://www.febraban.org.br/Arquivo/Servicos/Eventoscursos/Semark_atendbanc/palestras/
S%E9rgio%20Marnio%20Gandra%20Vaz.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.iac.sp.gov.br/bragantia/volume/5901/1078.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.bracelpa.org.br/br/social/pdfsocial05/03_cap2.pdf (Portuguese and English)

http://www.aracruzcelulose.com/doc/pdf/publicacao_050423.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.veracel.com.br/web/pt/outros/noticias0006.html (Portuguese)

http://sbrt.ibict.br/upload/sbrt233.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br/simp/arquivos/edimilsonbitti.pdf (Portuguese)

www.alpa.org.ve/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=79&article=42&mode=pdf (Portuguese)

www.alpa.org.ve/ojs/include/getdoc.php?id=87&article=50&mode=pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.ipef.br/publicacoes/scientia/nr29/cap01.pdf (Portuguese)

http://calvados.c3sl.ufpr.br/ojs2/index.php/alimentos/article/view/1159/960 (Portuguese)

http://www.ial.sp.gov.br/publicacao/revista/2003/n1/63.pdf (English)

http://www.ial.sp.gov.br/publicacao/revista/2003/n1/64.pdf (English)

http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/enrc/inquiries/old/enrc/unff/report/util3-06.htm (English)

http://web.uniud.it/eurbee/Proceedings/quality%20control%20residues.pdf (English)

http://www.alimentosargentinos.gov.ar/miel_comisiones/COMISIONES/honey_book-Alberta_Canada.pdf (English)

http://www.coford.ie/iopen24/pub/pub/Reports/NWFP.pdf (English)

http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/bees/pubs/honeybees-overview.pdf (English)

Genomics in Eucalyptus

Today, there is a huge effort being placed by R&D in order to better know the Eucalyptus genome. After all, the genes are highly responsible for the expression of the Eucalyptus qualities. The knowledge of the Eucalyptus genetic code will allow faster and more qualified forest trees and wood products improvements. The identification of some selected genes will speed up the forest genetic breeding. We have a lot of R&D in Eucalyptus genomics in Brazil, South Africa, Portugal and Chile, among others. Surely, many of these investigations are duplications by the scientists, but the developments in genomics are being fast and in a productive way. Genetic engineering is another tool being considered and investigated by the universities and private R&D laboratories. Genetic engineering should be developed in the correct speed, and with all details for a very safe procedure. Mainly considering that the Eucalyptus have a high potential for hybridization and gene transfer from one species to another. In case of the Eucalyptus, the genes do not respect the geographical frontiers, no matter they are limits for farms, or countries. In Brazil, the partnerships between government R&D agencies, private companies and universities have gained room for developing the genomics of the Eucalyptus. The goal now is to relate the gene sequences with the correct expressions of trees, woods and wood products qualities. In the global scene, several researchers in the world decided to create a consortium of Eucalyptus genomics to exchange knowledge and experiences. The idea came just after the IUFRO Eucalyptus Forest Genetics Meeting which took place in Hobart/Australia, The consortium houses scientists from several countries: Brazil, Australia, Japan, USA, Portugal, Spain, France, South Africa, Belgium, etc.

To know more about genomics in the Eucalyptus, please visit:

http://www.ieugc.up.ac.za (English)

http://www.ieugc.up.ac.za/founding_meeting.htm (English)

http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/forest/pdf/2002/05/23.pdf?access=ok (English)

http://www.ars-grin.gov (English)

http://www.ipef.br/melhoramento/genoma/english.asp (English)

http://www.funpecrp.com.br/gmr/year2004/vol3-3/gmr0109_full_text.htm (English)

http://www.nature.com/omics/subjects/genomesequenceandanalysis/index.html (English)

http://www.nature.com/omics/index.html (English)

http://dendrome.ucdavis.edu (English)

http://www.genesis.co.nz/Press_Releases/News_Article.php?id=38 (English)

http://www.ipef.br/melhoramento/genoma/pdfs/schmidt98.pdf (English)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/laboratorios/LIMPP/PDFs/01.pdf (English)

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/nreos/forest/feop/Agenda2004/iufro_genetics2004 (English)

http://www.csir.co.za/plsql/ptl0002/PTL0002_PGE100_LOOSE_CONTENT?
LOOSE_PAGE_NO=7009843 (English)

http://www.csir.co.za/websource/ptl0002/pdf_files/nre/2006/forestry.pdf (English)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/pre-melhoramento/Por/prog_por.htm (Portuguese)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/palestras/21102006/21102006_001.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/palestras/19102006/19102006_011.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/fn2004/arquivos/23110401.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/cot091.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/palestras/18102006/18102006_002.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.cenargen.embrapa.br/publica/trabalhos/cot121.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.genmelhor.ufv.br (Portuguese)

http://www.ipef.br/melhoramento/genoma (Portuguese)

http://lcf.esalq.usp.br/lrgfb/arvores.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11144/tde-08032006-141346 (Portuguese)

http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus.htm (Portuguese)

http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus3.htm (Portuguese)

http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus4.htm (Portuguese)

http://ftp.mct.gov.br/especial/genolyptus5.htm (Portuguese)

http://www.lge.ibi.unicamp.br/eucalyptus (Portuguese)

http://www.ufv.br/dbg/bio240/GenolyptusGuilherme42102.htm (Portuguese)

http://inventabrasilnet.t5.com.br/heleuca.htm (Portuguese)

http://atlas.sct.embrapa.br/pdf/cct/v21/v21n1_11.pdf (Portuguese)

http://www.biotecnologia.com.br/biochat/viewchat.asp?id=7&data=06/10/2003 (Portuguese)

http://www.inta.gov.ar/ediciones/idia/forest/genetica12.pdf (Spanish)

http://www.inta.gov.ar/ediciones/idia/forest/genetica01.pdf (Spanish)

http://www.inta.gov.ar/bellavista/info/documentos/forestales/03%20-%20
Taller%20de%20Biotecn.%20Mejoram.%20Forest..pdf (Spanish)

Environmental Impact Assessment Studies for Modern Pulp Fiberlines

Today, it is becoming more often the availability of good and transparent Environmental Impact Assessment Studies and Reports through the web. The industrial companies want to have a better understanding coming from the community. For this reason, the transparency to the interested parties is one of the targets in the new way to manage environment. As a result of this trend, we all are able to know more and to better understand these environmental and technological issues, mainly those related to impacts in the physical, biological, social and economic segments. In a recent Eucalyptus Newsletter (number 04), we have introduced several environmental impact studies for the new mills being or to be built in Uruguay (Botnia and ENCE). You may visit this newsletter and find the reports to each of the mills, and also the cumulative impact study report, since both mills were originally supposed to be built very close one to another, in Fray Bentos. Today, the situation in Uruguay has changed. The Botnia mill is being built at the designed speed and in the same location, but the ENCE mill will be relocated in the place and with another size. A new environmental study surely will be made to the new ENCE project. It is also important to mention that the original cumulative impact study (December 2005) was made by Malcolm Pirnie & Pacific Consultants. This report was submitted to a Canadian consultant company, named Hatfield, to evaluate and to identify potential weaknesses and opportunities for improvements. All this process was guided by IFC - International Finance Corporation, a World Bank entity. IFC had requests from both companies to finance part of the total investment. Due to the Hatfield report, the first original cumulative impact assessment was considered to be a draft. After the report from Hatfield, a new Canadian company, EcoMetrix, has been requested to review and to rewrite the cumulative impact study. EcoMetrix has done this task with a group of international and qualified consultants. The Hatfield report and the final cumulative impact study by EcoMetrix are available for downloads. All these reports are valuable source of information to all people in the pulp and paper sector, for the great contribution they are bringing for a better understanding of the environmental impacts of a bleached kraft Eucalyptus pulp mill.

Let's cover all this in the following order:

Original reports and cumulative impact assessment studies for the ENCE and Botnia mills in Uruguay: visit the Eucalyptus Newsletter number 04 and travel on the available euca-links about these topics:
http://www.eucalyptus.com.br/newspt_may06.html#sete .

You have the option to enter in the IFC website and to go the page of the final cumulative impact report from EcoMetrix: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/Content/Uruguay_Pulp_Mills_CIS_Final .

It is also valid to know in details the environmental impact report from the Botnia mill (Orion project) at: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/Content/Uruguay_PulpMills_Background_Docs

Finally, the draft report on cumulative impact assessment from December 2005, prepared by Malcom Pirnie and Pacific Consultants, the basis for the other reports, is also available at the IFC website:
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_PulpMills_Part1/$FILE/CIS_Part1_UruguayPulpMills.pdf

Report from Hatfield Consultants, a study made by L.Wayne Dwernychuck and Neil McCubbin:

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06/
$FILE/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06_English.pdf (English)

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06_Spanish/
$FILE/Uruguay_ExpertsReport_Oct06_Spanish.pdf (Spanishl)

Report from the Canadian consulting company EcoMetrix, the final version for the cumulative impact assessment study:

http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/Uruguay_CIS_Oct2006/
$FILE/Uruguay_CIS_Oct2006.pdf (English)

Another very famous and well-published undertaking on Eucalyptus pulp manufacturing is known as the Gunns Bell Bay project, a mill to be built in Tasmania/Australia. Gunns at Bell Bay is claiming to be the greenest and the most technically advanced pulp mill in the world. This is surely something that needs a careful comparison to other very modern and sophisticated fiberlines, as well. The new mill will be located in a region very attractive, with natural beauties and tourist landscapes. For this reason, very extensive studies are being made, to guarantee the construction of a minimum impact mill, with the most modern and available technologies.

Know more about Gunns and its Bell Bay project:

http://www.gunnspulpmill.com.au (English)

http://www.gunnspulpmill.com.au/iis/default.htm (Draft of the Environmental Impact Study, in English)

http://www.gunns.com.au/downloads/FMS_10_LR.pdf (English)

http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/factsheets/TheFacts.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_docs/pm_index.htm (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Project_Scope_Revised_260805.pdf
(scope of the Bell Bay project, in English)

Environmental Legislation for Modern Pulp Fiberlines: a Study Made Available by the Tasmania Government

The Bell Bay project from Gunns demanded a very wide range of pre-feasibility studies. Australian authorities have been very concerned about the potential impacts of the project. At the same time, the Tasmanian authorities were favorable to the project, as far as the mill could represent the best available technology, and running according to the best environmental practices. The process to evaluate all these issues was requested to be as transparent as possible to all interested parties. To guarantee this communication process, there are two websites available to general public:

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_docs/pm_whats_new.htm
and also http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/index.htm

In the studies, we may find good reports about the best environmental practices for pulp making, best available technologies, comparisons to other mills in the world, and surprisingly excellent reports about environmental legislation applicable to similar mills in a world basis. All these studies had the goal to provide knowledge for the environmental guidelines to Gunns mill. The RPDC - Resource Planning & Development Commission consists in an independent commission that had the mission to coordinate these studies. The commission decided to get the required information through an international and well qualified group of experts on environmental issues. The follow up of the generated documentation is very open, and RPDC accepts contributions and comments from the interested parties. The major part of the study has been requested to a consulting company, Beca Amec, including the definitions of the guidelines and environmental control standards to be fulfilled by the new mill. Mr. Roberto Miotti, a good friend of mine, had a significant contribution to these studies. These indispensable studies are made available as online reports, vital to all pulp and paper community. Something that nobody can miss.

The documentation on environmental legislation is unique, an excellent comparison about pulp and paper mill controls, all over the world, mainly in the leading environmental performance pulp mills. Please, visit these recommended websites:

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/pages/bekm_final_report.htm (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/pages/bekm.htm (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Final_Report_Vol1.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Final_Report_Vol2.pdf (English)

The scope for the studies on impact assessments are also very good to be known by all interested people:

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_docs/pm_reports_publications.htm (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/
Report_on_Final_Scope_Guidelines_for_the_IIS.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Final_IIS_guidelines2.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Further_comment_24_10_05.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Draft_Guidelines_060405.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/
Integrated_Assessment_Information_Brochure_130706.pdf (English)

Other valuable reports and documents, all very rich on knowledge and information have also been made available by RPDC, as below. Another website specially designed by the Tasmanian authorities has also the objective to inform the society about the project (http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/index.htm):

a selection of reports on the best available technologies, mainly about the ECF and TCF bleaching sequences:

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Study_Report.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Study_Report_Exec_summary.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/pages/bekm_BECA_Amec_Study_Reports.htm (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Study_Report_Exec_summary_Appendix_A.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Study_Report_Exec_summary_Appendix_B.pdf (English)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Study_Report_Appendix_A.pdf (English)

a study about the health of workers in bleached kraft pulp mills, both ECF and TCF sequences

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/BEKM/docs/Literature%20Review%20of%20Epidemiological%20Studies.pdf (English)

a leaflet "preparing a world class pulp mill"

http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/0261_InfoPaper_A4.pdf (English)

a report of visits to Brazilian and Chilean pulp mills
http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/infopapers/Study%20Program%20Report.pdf (English)

a report from visits to China, Europe and Canada

http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/Pulpmillstudyprogram1.pdf (English)

reports about the requirements to be fulfilled by companies in countries that are adherent to the Stockholm Conference on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

http://www.rpdc.tas.gov.au/projects_state_signif/pulp_mill/pm_dwnl/Appendix%20C%20-%20Article%205%20&%20Annex%20C%20of%20SC.pdf (English)

http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/factsheets/Stockholm.pdf (English)

overal data about the Gunns Bell Bay project
http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/FactSheets.htm (English)

environmental guidelines and control limits
http://www.pulpmill.tas.gov.au/EmissionGuidelines.htm (English)

Literatures and Events about the Eucalyptus

We are providing very good links on publications about the Eucalyptus, which have been made available in the web. There are valuable photos and texts. Have a look on them.

Literatures

Handbook "Plantio de eucalipto na pequena propriedade rural" - Embrapa Florestas - 2000

http://bosques.cnpf.embrapa.br/node_embrapa/uploads/mwuxrvcwls.pdf (Portuguese)

"Australia forest profile: eucalyptus forests" � National Heritage Trust - 2005

http://affashop.gov.au/PdfFiles/13193_eucalyptus_profile.pdf (English)

"Manual para productores de eucaliptos en la Mesopotamia Argentina" - INTA Instituto Nacional de Tecnologia Agropecuaria , Concordia, Argentina - 1995

http://www.inta.gov.ar/concordia/info/indices/tematica/cd-manual-prod-eucaliptos/dir-forestacion-manual.htm (Spanishl)

http://www.inta.gov.ar/concordia/info/indices/tematica/cd-manual-prod-eucaliptos/manual.pdf (Spanish)

"The Hardy Eucalyptus page: how to grow an eucalyptus as an ornamental plant"

http://www.angelfire.com/bc/eucalyptus (English)

"Proceedings of the International Conference on Timber Plantation Development" - FAO Forestry - 2002

http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/005/AC781E/AC781E00.htm#TopOfPage (English)

"Development of eucalyptus plantations: an overview" - FAO Forestry - 1995

http://www.fao.org/forestry/webview/media?mediaId=5090&langId=1 (English)

Brazilian Statistics

Fatos e numeros do Brasil florestal" - SBS Sociedade Brasileira de Silvicultura - 2006
http://www.sbs.org.br/FatoseNumerosdoBrasilFlorestal.pdf (Portuguese)

"Producao da silvicultura brasileira" - IBGE Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica ( Portuguese)

http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pevs/2005/default.shtm (general page)

http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pevs/2005/pevs2005.pdf

http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pevs/2004/pevs2004.pdf

http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pevs/2003/pevs2003.pdf

http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/economia/pevs/2002/pevs2002.pdf

Important events with speeches for downloading

Please, find valuable speeches in the selection of events we have to you:

Course "Wet end chemistry" - ATCP Chile 2006

http://www.atcp.cl/PDFs/ATCP_wet_end_basic.pdf (English)

" I Simposio de tecnicas de plantio e manejo de Eucalyptus para uso multiplo", an event by the TUME (Test for Multiple Uses of Eucalyptus) and GELQ (Group of Studies Luiz de Queiroz - www.gelq.com.br)

http://www.tume.esalq.usp.br/simp (Portuguese)

Internation Meeting "Celulosa en Chile al 2010 - Sustentabilidad ambiental y competitividad de la industria" - Fundacion Chile and Universidad de Concepcion - 2006 � (Spanish and English)
www.fundacionchile.cl/pls/portal/docs/page/portal_corporativo/administracion_del_contenido/
medio_ambiente/tab4816318/tab4816326/programa.html

" II Simposio Ibero-Americano de Eucalyptus globulus" - (videoconferences available in Spanish , Portuguese or English)

http://www.tv.uvigo.es/VODpublic/Simposio_Eucalyptus.es.html

CIADICYP's - Congresos Ibero-Americanos de Investigadores de Celulosa y Papel

The CIADICYPs consist in a series of events that occur in a two years basis. The main participants are university professors, researchers from technical institutes and private industry, suppliers and other interested people. Most of participants are from Argentina, Chile, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Peru, Cuba, Uruguay, Spain and Portugal, but we have people from other countries, too. It is a rule to change the meeting location from one congress to another, and till now, we had CIADICYPs in the following countries: Argentina, Brazil, Spain and Chile. The main promoter of the CIADICYPs is RIADICYP - Red Ibero Americana de Docencia y Investigacion en Celulosa y Papel. This network has always the enthusiasm and the leadership of professor Maria Cristina Area from Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Argentina.

RIADICYP : http://www.riadicyp.org.ar//index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=41

Congress 2000: http://www.riadicyp.org.ar//index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=39&func=select&id=2

Congress 2002: http://www.lscp.pqi.ep.usp.br/ciadicyp2002/proced/proced.htm

http://www.riadicyp.org.ar//index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=41&func=select&id=3

Congress 2004: http://www.riadicyp.org.ar//index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=41&func=select&id=4

Congress 2006: http://www.riadicyp.org.ar//index.php?option=com_remository&Itemid=41&func=select&id=5

Technical Mini Article by Celso Foelkel

Modern Bleached Kraft Eucalyptus Pulp Fiberlines

In recent years, we had remarkable advances in the bleached kraft Eucalyptus pulp manufacturing technologies. More important than the technologies, is the new concept the technologies are been developed: closer water cycles, reduced losses, better energy efficiency, high eco-efficiency and minimum environmental impacts. The water cycle closures are now being considered welcome and searched with more care. The reason is that several new technologies are also being proved efficient to reduce the contamination build up in the pulping and recycling systems. Today, bleached Eucalyptus pulp may be produced with a total effluent discharge corresponding to about 20 m³/adt. In few years, we were able to reduce the water consumption, to significantly close the water cycles, and to introduce creative procedures to prevent the detrimental build up of chlorides, potassium, oxalates and pitch in the industrial processes. The energetic gains have been remarkable. Today, we are able to manufacture one air dry ton of bleached pulp with about 600 kWh of electricity and 5 tons of steam. From a position of electricity buyer, we have switched to a supplier position. We are running to new developments and all of them are related to simplifications: simpler mills, fewer equipment’s, fewer buildings, reduced losses and cleaner production. There are still many other new opportunities to be touched, no doubts about. We are good, but there is a long way to become optimum. However, there are science, technology and people's commitment and enthusiasm to guarantee further improvements in our fiberlines. We are learning fast to walk in the eco-efficiency direction, and to reach the business and environmental sustainabilities.

The recent and modern fiberlines are very efficient from the wood yard to the pulp or paper sheet dryers. The areas with more significant technological improvements have been: wood yard and chip production, cooking and digesting, pulp washing and screening, and pulp bleaching. We had notable process simplifications, closures in the systems, internal recycling, better recovery of wastes, conservation of energy, improvements in the operational efficiencies and in the scale of production. All this has been the result from the huge efforts to add more competence, environmental performance and competitiveness to our industry. A lot of science and new knowledge are being the foundation for these developments. As a consequence, the environmental impacts are reduced, the investments either, and the production costs more competitive, mainly to the Eucalyptus pulps. For all these reasons, the amazing recent growth in the world Eucalyptus pulp production has been based on state-of-the-art mills. This is being true either in existing mills, in their fiberline modernization’s, or in the new greenfield mills. This model can be noticed in all countries growing the production of Eucalyptus pulps: Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, South Africa, China, Australia, etc.

Any fiberline to manufacture bleached pulp for papermaking has several missions, and the most important are the following: